Climate Change Impacts On Water Resources Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change Impacts On Water Resources Environmental Sciences Essay Scientific records and projections prove the elevated risk of vulnerable freshwater resources being harshly impacted by climate change, with considerable resulting effects, especially for Small Islands Developing States (SIDS) like Mauritius. Adaptation measures to respond to those climatic impacts on water would require an integrated water resources management which includes obtaining the perception of the societys understanding of the issue. This paper aims at analysing the perception of a category of the Mauritian society, namely the working personnel, with regard to awareness as well as understanding of climate change and its impacts on water resources. The results of the study show that the educational level of respondents has an impact on both their awareness and understanding of climate change and the negative effects it has on our water resources. Those findings can be of help to policy-makers engaged in the effective selection and implementation of realistic and targeted wat er-related adaptation measures all throughout the island. Keywords: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation, Water Resources, Small Islands Developing States, Public Perception, Educational Level. Introduction Climate Change, its Impacts and the Global Response Climate change is viewed by natural scientists as perhaps the preeminent environmental risk confronting the world in the 21st century (Leiserowitz, 2007) and the most debated environmental issue in the political ecology field in the last two decades (Whitanage, et al., 2009). The key source of global warming is generally viewed as being an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, with resulting greenhouse effect (Yadollahie, 2010). There is much scientific proof of occurrence of considerable global warming, and recent warming, which has already brought alterations in the earths climate, can be attributed to human activities, according to the Royal Society (2005). The undeniable responsibility of human activities in this matter has since 1992 been expressed by the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) when defining climate change as a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the globa l atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods (UNFCCC, 1992). This analysis is supported by Rosenzweig, et al., (2007) who claim that the consistency of observed significant changes in physical and biological systems and observed significant warming across the globe very likely cannot be explained entirely by natural variability or other confounding non-climate factors. The Royal Society (2005) emphasizes that though projected climate changes will generate both favourable and adverse effects in various sectors ranging from agriculture to human health, larger and faster the changes in climate, the more likely it is that adverse effects will dominate. Along the same line, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides scientific evidence of strong effects of recent climate change on many aspects of both natural and managed systems, with consequent changes in several areas including coastal zones (Rosenzweig, et al., 2007). The IPCC (2007) further explains that projected changes will be in climate variables such as precipitation, temperature, sea level and concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and emphasizes that impacts of those changes would be felt mainly on coastal systems and low-lying areas, health, freshwater resources and their management, ecosystems, industry, settlement and society, food, fibre and forest products (IPCC. , 2007). Signed in 1992 by virtually all nations of the world as a response to the issue that increase the levels of greenhouse gases are being caused by human activities, the UNFCCC treaty is referred to as being the first agreement to address climate change, with commitments to establish national action plans for voluntary reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to agreed levels, as a start to global warming mitigation (Fletcher and Parker, 2007). Due to the fact that several countries were not being able to reduce their gas emissions, the parties to the UNFCCC treaty moved from voluntary measures to the Kyoto protocol, which establishes legally binding, mandatory emissions reductions (Fletcher Parker, 2007), relevant to 38 developed countries listed in the protocol as Annex 1. The Kyoto protocol, which has been agreed to towards the end of 1997 and has entered into force in February 2005, has been signed and ratified by 187 nations as at November 2009 (UNFCCC, 2009), including more than six ty percent of the developed countries listed at its Annex 1. Those developed countries that have ratified the treaty are bound to implement national measures to lessen their greenhouse gas emissions in addition to making use of three market-based mechanisms introduced in the Kyoto protocol, namely, International Emissions Trading, the Clean Development Mechanism, and Joint Implementation (Bashmakov, et al., 2001). International Emissions Trading implies that signatory Annex 1 countries can trade part of agreed emission quotas among themselves, while in the Clean Development Mechanism, Annex 1 countries can help develop reduced emissions projects within Non Annex 1 countries, explicitly developing countries, to help them attain sustainable development and in return, the helping countries beneficiate from the so generated certified emission reductions. With regard to Joint Implementation, Annex I countries can help to implement reduced emissions project in another Annex I country and thus receive emission reduction units, which can be used by the investor countries to attain the required limitation of emissions (Bashmakov, et al.2001). The Kyoto protocol is seen as a political and a technical failure as well as a symbolically important expression of concern about climate change (Prins and Rayner, 2008), and since the Kyoto Protocol regime expires in 2012, there might be in their point of view only a slender window of opportunity to radically rethink our objectives and operations (Prins Rayner, 2007). Further to the end of the commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, the latest Conference of Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC held in Copenhagen, Denmark in December 2009, included on its agenda a discussion on an international climate agreement, with the Copenhagen Accord as outcome. Though consensus has not been reached at that Copenhagen Summit or COP15, with the Accord being finally not adopted, it is believed that only the future will tell whether that Accord would evolve into a subsequent agreement or arrangement that is sufficiently robust to motivate meaningful action on climate change (Stavins Stowe, 2010). The ab ove cited view is nevertheless not shared by Yadollahie (2010) as he deems the result of the Copenhagen Summit to be disappointing, believing that no significant step has been made, and considers that the whole world now looks forward to the new COP to be held in Mexico at the end of 2010. Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources There are a good deal of scientific records and climate projections to prove the elevated risk of vulnerable water resources being harshly impacted by climate change, with considerable resulting effects. The researchers of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) go further stating that the negative impacts, such as salinisation of coastal aquifers, droughts and floods affecting water quality and exacerbating water pollution, are expected to outweigh the benefits (Bates, et al., 2008). The Need for Adaptation To fight climate change, the UNFCCC (1992) recommends mitigation, with measures to lessen human activities that generate green house gases, and adaptation, which tries to reduce vulnerability to impacts of climate change. Mitigation only is insufficient and thus adaptation is essential given that even if action is being taken now to considerably reduce greenhouse gases, the climate system generally reacts slowly to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations, with further changes in climate being consequently unavoidable (Royalsociety.org, 2005). Stavins and Stowe (2010) highlight the introduction in the Copenhagen Accord of the necessity for developed countries to provide financial and other resources to support adaptation actions in least developed countries, including small islands. Concerning adaptation in regard to the water resources, an integrated water resources management, though still in its early years, is recommended by Bates et al.(2008) as a tool in seeking adaptation measures, subject to reshaping planning processes and the inclusion of the societys views as some of the strategies to ensure implementation success. Climate Change and SIDS Small island developing States (SIDS), of which Mauritius is a member, have numerous problems and specific characteristics that increase their vulnerability, resulting in a situation where adverse effects of climate change and sea-level rise represent the most immediate threats regarding sustainable development (UNDP, 2009). Mauritius is about to experience substantial economic loss, humanitarian stresses and environmental degradation due to climate change impacts such as sea-level rise, increasing temperatures, an increase in the intensity of tropical cyclones and increasingly variable rainfall (UNDP, n.d.) with important sectors most likely to be affected by climate change impacts being coastal resources, agriculture, water resources, fisheries, health, biodiversity, land-use change and forestry. Bates, et al (2008) further observe that under most climate change scenarios, water resources in small islands are likely to be seriously compromised. As a reaction to this critical situation which SIDS are facing, a number of adaptation projects are being implemented, the main one being the National adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs) executed by UN agencies (Graham, 2007).There are also other projects supported by financial institutions and other development assistance agencies. Adaptation costs are very high and are financed for instance by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) Trust Fund, which is recognized by the UNFCCC (2005) as being One of the principal channels of support for small island developing States (SIDS) in the area of climate change. Some more sources of funding are the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) whereby Adaptation activities to address the adverse effects of climate change have top priority for funding, the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), and The Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto Protocol, for financing adaptation projects in developing countries that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (Graham, 2007). Numerous SIDS have already submitted their NAPA documents to the UNFCCC, wherein the water resources sector is of major importance. Those NAPA documents propose adaptation measures as follows: Improve water harnessing, collection and storage infrastructures by building reservoirs and dams, encouraging use of individual water-saving devices and promoting safe rainwater harvesting through ground catchment and roof catchment systems, Elaboration of decentralized management plans on water production and distribution infrastructures, Elaboration and implementation of legislation and regulation, Design and construction of suitable sewage treatment and disposal systems to safeguard water resources, Establishing modeling maps and an information and monitoring system on water resources, Institutionalization of management system, with the purpose of putting in practice the national politics of the water resources, Reducing leakage in supply systems, Carrying out participatory research on the knowledge of traditional practices of adaptation to the variations of the water cycle. The above list of measures extracted from the UNFCCC database (UNFCCC, 2010a, b, c, d) can be used as a model for proposals of adaptation measures in Mauritius. Regardless of the broad range of adaptation options that could be successfully implemented in the SIDS, some fundamental constraints, categorized by the UNFCCC (2005) in three groups, limit the choices of options and their implementation. These constraints are specifically: insufficient data or information and technical capacity for well-timed and successful adaptation planning, as a starting point for the design of adaptation policies, strategies and programmes; the weakness of current institutions which have to be strengthened for effective implementation of adaptation measures; and insufficient financial resources which will necessitate international assistance with regard to research on less costly adaptation measures (UNFCCC, 2005). Maladaptation, caused by governments underestimating, overestimating or mis-estimating the climate impact (Graham, 2007), is also interpreted as a factor delaying the adaptation process. Climate change, adaptation, and water resources management in Mauritius In Mauritius, the Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities is responsible for implementation of water resources policies, and other organisations operating in the water sector are the Water Resources Unit, the Central Water Authority, the Irrigation Authority and the Waste Water Management Authority, each of them having specific responsibilities defined by existing Mauritian laws regarding water resources (Proag, 2006). The impacts of climate change are already being felt in the island, as evidenced by the recent National Assessment Report prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development when it reveals that meteorological records clearly indicate the increase of average temperatures, rising sea levels, intermittent heavy rainfall causing flash floods and climate variability that deviate from past patterns. (ROM, 2010). Mauritian water resources are vulnerable to climate change impacts, whereby one example is the risk run by boreholes situated near the Mauritian coasts of being contaminated by saltwater intrusion (UNFCCC, 2005). In line with the pledge of the Mauritian Government in its 2010-2015 programme (2010) regarding climate change, the UNDP is currently implementing a two year project under the Africa Adaptation Program (AAP), aiming at integrating and mainstreaming climate change adaptation into the institutional framework, development policy, strategies and plans of the island. An output of the project is the implementation of climate-resilient policies and measures in priority sectors, inclusive of the water sector (UNDP, n.d.). Accordingly, a working group under the chairmanship of the Water Resources Unit has been set up at the level of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, to look into the issue and come up with appropriate policies and measures that integrate climate change adaptation. The Maurice Ile Durable (MID) concept, a national project for sustainable development, also recognizes the negative impact of climate change on our water resources and recommends that the MID i nitiative should serve to increase the preparedness of Mauritius to adapt to climate change as far as possible (UNDP, 2009). Since 2005, several assessments have been conducted to identify appropriate climate change adaptation and mitigation measures which are currently being implemented or in the pipeline (ROM, 2010). The report lists concrete climate related actions that have been or are being taken in the field of : enhancement of climate change and sea level rise monitoring; reduction of GHG emissions through energy efficiency and conservation as well as renewable energy investments; and adaptation projects in the following sectors: Agricultural sector, Commissioning of Midlands Dam for irrigation of the northern plains. Cultivation of drought resistant cultivars and trash blanketing of sugarcane fields. Investment in hydroponics, protected cultures. Improved livestock housing. Coastal zone; Land use change and forestry; and Water resources sector: a. An integrated plan for water resources development up to year 2040 has been prepared. b. Surface water storage has been increased and new projects in pipeline include construction of dams at Bagatelle and Rivià ¨re des Anguilles. c. Existing storage dams and feeder/irrigation canals have been rehabilitated to minimize seepage losses. d. Capacity of potable water treatment plants has been extended. Ongoing public awareness campaigns on water saving. The report also highlights the emphasis that the Mauritian Government has laid on sensitization and awareness raising of the general public, through holding of regular sensitization and awareness campaigns for various target groups , as well as the publication of resource materials and broadcasting of regular programmes on television and radio. Apart from the State, non-governmental projects are also carried out, such as one project funded by GEF Small Grants Programme for period 2005-2006 and carried out by Environmental Protection Conservation Organisation (EPCO) in coastal villages, with the aim of raising awareness about climate change science and working with local community to understand the impact of climate change, to identify vulnerability, prepare and implement adaptation plan (GEF, 2006). The implementation of the above project included a vulnerability assessment exercise in four coastal villages whereby water scarcity was identified as a key element affecting livelihood (World Water Forum, [WWF], 2009). Another aim of the project was to secure better quality and quantity of water in these villages, through education and training, awareness and preparedness as well as community-participation (WWF, 2009).One of the several findings of the project is that the public should be encouraged to change lifestyle so as t o minimize utilization of water (WWF, 2009). Public perception as a tool for effective implementation of adaptation measures Understanding public perception is a key element in raising awareness and motivating behavioral changes in the population (Breton, et al., 2008). Lorenzoni and Pidgeon (2006, cited in Sola, et al., 2008), further insist on the fact that To ignore the values and attitudes of the public when deciding on the management of climate risk may lead to problematic situations. Globally, the study of public perception on climate change is of major importance nowadays. International studies mention that majorities believe that the worlds climate is changing (Poortinga, et al., 2006) and citizens concern for climate change is growing (Leiserowitz, 2007). A study of public perceptions on climate change and adaptation in Sri Lanka even concludes that keeping local communities out of climate business will create unnecessary damage (Whitanage, et al., 2009). At local level, some studies have been carried out involving public perception in the water resources sector. Focusing on the perception of Mauritians towards domestic water as a product of consumption, Sowdagur (2006) finds that a great majority of Mauritians are not willing to pay more and thus recommends that this fact be considered when deciding on water tariff policies. The study carried out by Madhoo (2006) estimates the budgetary impact of higher willingness to pay for residential water and demonstrates that as long as lower prices are allocated to low income groups, it would be politically feasible to charge higher prices, while in his works on awareness of water distribution costs, Proag (2007) concludes that not knowing the basic factors involved in producing and distributing water leads to people having a wrong perception about its cost and value. The role of education in climate change awareness and understanding With regard to environmental education, Potter (2010) believes that it is a critical tool for engaging the public, especially with the recent and strong focus on global warming and climate change. He thus suggests that new and more systemic environmental education legislation might be considered, together with substantive increases in funding for national-level grants, educator training, and research initiatives and broadening the scope of strategic-level conversations to include sectors beyond the education community. A study carried out at the Rice University in USA recommends that although the subject of climate change is cared for by schools solely in classrooms and in a passive manner without related project work, discussions of solutions should be integrated with the science, to provide a broader picture and to prevent students from becoming disengaged and fatalistic (Johnson, 2009). Another study undertaken regarding the role of higher education as change agent for sustainability wraps up by saying that institutions of higher education can be considered a stakeholder group with significant potential influence on society through many different mechanisms ( Stephens et al., 2008). The same stand is adopted in the UK whereby a study performed in September 2008 to assess the current state of knowledge and understanding of the issues faced by the surveying profession with regard to climate change impact reveals that around 50 per cent of graduates considered that there was no, or little reference to the issue sustainability and the effects of climate change in their own programmes. The study concludes that Whilst no one is suggesting that climate change should replace topics in existing syllabuses, based on the scientific evidence, it should be an integral part of any decision related to the built environment in order to achieve social, economic and environmental sustainability.(Dent and Dalton, 2010). Regarding the role of the Hawaiian university with regard to climate change mitigation, a research done in 2008 highlights that Universities are uniquely positioned within the climate change dialogue to act as resources for multi-disciplinary regional and global climate research, provide outstanding public education and outreach with credible and current information, and to serve as models of institutional and behavioral change.(Coffman, 2008). This paper summarises the perception of the working personnel on climate change, focusing on the target populations awareness as well as understanding of the climate change problem and its impacts on local water resources. The study highlights that education level is a key factor influencing the level of awareness and understanding of respondents. The findings of this study may help policy makers to better design more effective adaptation measures specific to safeguarding the islands water resources against climate change impacts and which would be understood by the Mauritian working personnel as well as receive their full support.

Hippotherapy

Plan of the project: 1) What is hippotherapy? 2) Analysis of the organization 3) SWOT analysis 4) Target Audience 5) Objectives PR campaign 6) Task of PR campaign 7) Plan of the PR program 8) Work plan of preparation for the conference â€Å"Hippotherapy-riding to health† 9) Information for controllable mass media 10) Information for non-controllable mass media 11) Budget 12) Press kit: * Press release * Information about organization * Biography of the CEO * List of quotations * Logo * Questionnaire for journalistsWhat is hippotherapy? About hippotherapy known since the time of Hippocrates. He claimed that the wounded and the sick get better faster if they ride on horseback, and melancholic part with their dark thoughts. In the middle of the XVIII century the encyclopedist Denis Diderot, in his treatise: â€Å"About riding and what it means to maintain health and to find it again†, wrote: â€Å"Among the exercise the first place belongs to ride. It can be used to trea t many diseases, but may also prevent them befores they appear. Hippotherapy is a comprehensive and multi-method of rehabilitation, a form of physiotherapy (physical therapy), where tools for rehabilitation are the horse, the process of riding and exercising that a person does during riding. While riding all the major muscle groups of the body receive a work out. This occurs at a reflex level, because sitting on the horse, moving along with it, the person instinctively tries to keep the balance not to fall off the horse, and thus encourages the active work of both healthy and affected muscles, without noticing it.Hippotherapy is the only type of treatment when the patient may not understand that he is treated, riding and communication with the horse becomes a game. Psychogenic factor increases the ability to adapt to reality. For a person with a mental disorder, the position on a horse becomes winning – â€Å"I above, but they below†. All the fundamental principles of psychotherapy – a unity of place and characters, the unity of time and unity of action – stay complied. Hippotherapy is effective in: †¢ Cerebral palsy. †¢ Orthopedic syndromes. †¢ Disorders of the musculoskeletal system that result from paralysis and other lesions of the central nervous system. Lesions of the senses – blindness, deafness. †¢ Disorders of posture, scoliosis †¢ Malformations of the limbs. †¢ Various forms of intellectual disability resulting from organic or genetic diseases. †¢ Down syndrome. †¢ Violations of the psycho-emotional sphere: * Autism * Neuroses * Mental retardation * Schizophrenia * Emotional disorders * Social maladjustment * Syndrome of hyperactivity * The state of anxiety The process of riding improves blood circulation and breathing, it involves the work of almost all the muscles and tendons, ligaments and joints of the body.This is particularly important for autistic people, who cannot be motor-active without stimulation from the outside – not counting their stereotypical movements. The horseback riding includes training of overall coordination, maintaining balance and responsiveness. It trains senses and a deep sensitivity. Through the senses different stimuli are taken and accumulated. The horse becomes a link between the inner world of the person and the surrounding reality. Communion of human and horse is a full chain of communicative feedback between person and the outside world, which allows a person to perceive reality more wholly.Analysis of the organization: Hippotherapy center SPIRIT was established in 2010 in Kiev, by a group of enthusiasts with the support of Children's Psychological Center. The center has eight experts: three hostlers and 5 hippotherapy specialists. It is located in the city of Kiev. The center has its own space: the manege – 900 m? , 200 m? stable, cafe 35 m? and public spaces of 30 m?. In the property of hippotherapy cen ter SPIRIT there are ten horses. An average weekly visits of the center 50 people. The cost of training is 40 UAH. An annual income from services of the organization is 96,000 UAH.An annual income from conferences and seminars is 250,000 UAH. Expenditure on the horses and the activities of the center is 600 000 UAH. The difference between the revenue and expenditure of the budget is covered by the Center of State Support, donations from individuals and charitable organizations, including  «American Hippotherapy Association ». To date, the HC SPIRIT has an opportunity to conduct 90 classes per week and is planning in two years to expand the area of the base in half and increase the number of horses to 15. SWOT analysis StrengthsEnthusiasm, love of horses, the desire to help people, professional knowledge and experience in the field of hippotherapy, specialists in medicine, such as: rehabilitation, neurology, psychotherapy and psychology. Existence of its own space in Kiev and tr ained horses. The support of the Children's Psychological Center. Weaknesses Material and technical infrastructure is not powerful enough to meet the demand for the services of the organization. Opportunities Prepared strong scientific base on a global level. The growing interest to hippotherapy of the target audience.The development of social orientation in sport, community and government organizations. Growth of financial capacity of the target audience through the creation and development of relevant charities, philanthropy and government support in recent years. Threats Unstable economic situation, the high cost of maintenance of horses (feeding, treatment, ammunition), high rates for advertising. Target Audience The target audiences for PR action are parents of children with specific diseases at whose treatment the hippotherapy is aimed.The scientific community is interested in the exchange of information in the study of hippotherapy. Ukrainian and international governmental an d non-governmental organizations that are related to the specific theme. Objectives PR campaign At this stage, the Organization aims to increase attendance in half and increase organizational effectiveness for the treatment of profile diseases, which, in turn, increase the interest in the work of the HC SPIRIT of the Ukrainian and international governmental and charitable organizations and increase their funding in the center.This will enhance the material and technical base of the center and go to the free form of treatment for patients. Also, the expansion of international recognition will help the exchange of scientific information and enhance the effectiveness of treatment. Task of PR campaign Improve the knowledge about the HC SPIRIT of potential customers, Ukrainian and international governmental and charitable organizations. Enhance the image of the center as an open, social-oriented organization with professional, scientific approach to work and the desire to develop.Plan of the PR program: 09:00 – 09:30 Registration of Journalists Meeting with the guests near the Hotel â€Å"MIR†, departure to the HC SPIRIT 09:30 – 10:00 Opening. Speeches by the President of the Equestrian Federation of Ukraine A. Onishchenko and the Deputy Head of the department of Reform and Development of medicine N. Hobzey. 10:00 – 11:00 A scientific conference on â€Å"Hippotherapy in the treatment of cerebral palsy. † Speakers: Professor A. Denisenko (Ukraine), neurologist, Professor D. Tsverava (Georgia) 11:00 – 12:00 Coffee Break 2:00 – 13:30 A scientific conference on â€Å"Hippotherapy in diseases of the musculoskeletal system† Speakers: Professor M. Rukhadze (Georgia), Professor Naomi Robert (USA) 13:30 – 14:00 Lunch 14:00 – 14:30 Reception of children from Rehabilitation Center 14:30 – 16:00 Master Class. Hold by prof. Naomi Robert and prof. D. Tsverava. The program includes: practical lessons wit h children demonstrating different methods of hippotherapy in cerebral palsy, scoliosis, osteochondrosis 16:00 – 16:30 Departure of children to rehabilitation center.Coffee break 16:30 – 17:00 Communication with visitors. Questions and answers 17:00 Departure of guests from HC SPIRIT to the Hotel â€Å"MIR† End of program. Information for controllable mass media: For â€Å"Horses† & â€Å"What’s On† Magazines: â€Å"Hippotherapy – riding to health† – the slogan of charity event for children with disabilities. Nowadays it is great to hear about different kinds of charity events that are going on in all parts of the world. We are not an exception, being heard in Ukraine.A charity event is going to take place in Kiev, organized by volunteers and Hippotherapy center SPIRIT. It is an event for children with mental disabilities from rehabilitation center. Do we hear about hippotherapy every day? It is a form of physical, occup ational and speech therapy in which a therapist uses the characteristic movements of a horse to provide carefully graded motor and sensory input. Hippotherapy is also used in speech and language pathology. This method uses a horse to accomplish traditional speech, language, cognitive, and swallowing goals.Using hippotherapy, appropriate sensory processing strategies have been integrated into the treatment to facilitate successful communication. So, basically we can help the children without them even noticing it. The charity event is taking place on 6 April 2013. Children are transported from the rehabilitation center right to the HC SPIRIT. The parents are also invited to receive more information about the therapy. Professors and doctors prepare speeches about what is hippotherapy and how it can be used as a treatment for the child.The event is sponsored by the following organizations: the Equestrian Federation, Hippotherapy center SPIRIT, the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy of Ukraine, the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Children's Psychological Center and American Hippotherapy Association. Information for non-controllable mass media: An event devoted to hippotherapy, which helps children with mental disabilities from Kiev rehabilitation center, is going to take place on the 6th of April 2013 in HC SPIRIT. Sponsors, doctors and professors, parents and children, as well as authorities are going to be present at this event.The main goal is to attract the society’s attention to children with disabilities and to inform guests about advantages of hippotherapy. The project is sponsored and supported by: the Equestrian Federation, Hippotherapy center SPIRIT, the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy of Ukraine, the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Children's Psychological Center and American Hippotherapy Association. Budget 1. Coffee-break Program| Number of participants| Coffee-break menu| Quantity| Price per unit UAH| Total priceUAH| Price to payUAH| Source of financing| Coffee- break 1| 50? Coffee| 100 | 5 | 500| 4250| American Hippotherapy Association| | | Tea| 100| 5 | 500| | | | | Cookies| 10| 15 | 150| | | | | Sandwiches| 150| 10 | 1500| | | | | Server| 2| 300| 600| | | | | Transportation| | 500| 500| | | | | Other| | 500| 500| | | Coffee-break 2| 50? | Coffee| 100 | 5 | 500| 2750| American Hippotherapy Association| | | Tea| 100| 5 | 500| | | | | Cookies| 10| 15 | 150| | | | | Sandwiches| 150| 10 | 1500| | | Lunch| 50? | Coffee| 100| 5| 500| 2820| HC SPIRIT| | | Tea| 100| 5| 500| | | | | Set lunch| 52| 35| 1820| | | 5 doctors, 5 officials, 10 journalists, 10 personnel, 20 clients, 10 others 2. Transportation Transport| Number of people| Route| Price UAH| Total price UAH| Source of financing| Minibus for children| 10| Rehabilitation center – HC SPIRITHC SPIRIT – Rehabilitation center| 600| 1200| Ministry of Labor and Social Policy| Minibus for guests (doctors and specialists)| 5| Hotel – HC SPIRITHC SPIRIT â⠂¬â€œ Hotel| 600| 600| Ministry of Health| 3. Hotel | Number of people| Number of nights| Price per night UAH| Total Price| Source of financing| Guests (doctors and specialists)| 5| 2| 500| 5000| Ministry of Health| . Presents for children Type of present| Number of presents| Price per unit UAH| Total price UAH| Source of financing| Assorted candies| 50 packages| 40| 2000| American Hippotherapy Association| Books for painting| 50| 40| 2000| | 5. Mass-media Type of mass-media| Type of service| Number of advertisement| Price UAH| Total price UAH| Source of financing| Magazine â€Å"Zdorovie†| Order a special article| One page + three photo| 2000| 2800| Children's Psychological Center| Web-site zdorovbud. com. a| Placing an article| | 800| | | Photograph | | | 500| 500| Equestrian Federation| 6. Advertisement materials Type of advertisement| Type of work| Number of materials| Price UAH| Total price UAH| Source of financing| Prospect, press release? | Layout, printing| 100| 1200| 1200| HC SPIRIT| Prospect of the conference showing sponsors? | Layout, printing| 300| 1500| 1500| Equestrian Federation| Brochure with materials about hippotherapy? | Layout, printing| 100| 2500| 2500| Ministry of Health| Internet banner? | Creating, placement on websites zdorovbud. om. uamedical. us | | 800| 800| HC SPIRIT| ? Distributed four months before the conference to the media, charitable organizations, social organizations, in order to find sponsors. ? Distributed three months before the conference in the profile of medical institutions and doctors. ? Issued after the  conference to all interested and distributed to the profile Medical Institutions. ? Placed a month before the conference on  websites: zdorovbud. com. ua, medical. us and Equestrian Federation site. 7. Medical and Police supportDepartment| Type of service| Price UAH| Total price UAH| Source of financing| Medical| Emergency brigade on duty| 1500| 3000| Ministry of Health| Police| Escort of the bus with c hildren| 1500| | | Total expenditures Organization| Expenditures UAH| HC SPIRIT| 4,820| Ministry of Health| 11,100| Equestrian Federation| 2,000| Children's Psychological Center| 2,800| Ministry of Labor and Social Policy| 1,200| American Hippotherapy Association| 11,000| Total| 32,920| Press kit Press release Horse as doctor and friend for your children. Hippo therapy- new way of treating children with disabilities. Hippotherapy-riding to health† is the slogan of the charity event which is taking place on 6 April, 2013 in Hippotherapy center SPIRIT. The main goal is to inform parents and doctors about the advantages of such treatment. The event attracts society’s attention to children with disabilities. Its aim is to attract more financial help from government, business people and charity organizations. At the beginning the President of the Equestrian Federation of Ukraine A. Onishchenko and the Deputy Head of the department of Reform and Development of medicine N.Hobz ey will present speeches about the importance of such events. The topics of the conference are â€Å"Hippotherapy in the treatment of cerebral palsy† and â€Å"Hippotherapy in diseases of the musculoskeletal system†. Among the special guests neurologist Professor A. Denisenko (Ukraine), Professor D. Tsverava (Georgia), Professor M. Rukhadze (Georgia), Professor Naomi Robert (USA). Expected number of guests is around 50. The program with horses for children includes practical lessons demonstrating different methods of hippotherapy in cerebral palsy, scoliosis, osteochondrosis.The project is financed by Equestrian Federation, Hippo therapy center SPIRIT, Ministry of Labor and Social Policy of Ukraine, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Children's Psychological Center and American Hippotherapy Association. Contact information: Hippotherapy center SPIRIT Phones: 099-155-24-54, 096-295-95-45, 093-401-36-94 e-mail: spirit. [email  protected] com Information about organization The idea of the project was developed by three students of the International Christian University-Kiev. Hippo therapy center SPIRIT was pleased to help in organizing this event on their part.That’s why the project has a form of charity event. Center SPIRIT was founded in 2010 in Kiev by a group of enthusiasts with the support of the Children's Psychiatric Center. Experts of the center hold higher education degrees and have been trained on the course â€Å"Hippotherapy for children's diseases† abroad. At the center work professional psychologists, rehabilitation specialists, neurologist. Horses are specifically purchased for use in hippotherapy and are trained by professional athletes. We care about safety. Classes are held with the participation of three people: the ringleader, hippotherapist and assistant to hippotherapist.Biography of the CEO Director of the Hippotherapy center Spirit, Anna Burago, established the center in 2010. Prior to that, she took a course â₠¬Å"Rehabilitation of patients with limited ability† at Medics’ Retraining Facility of People’s Friendship University of Russia. She is a specialist in rehabilitation. In May 2010 she completed a course in â€Å"Ridetherapy in Children’s Diseases† and got a qualification of instuctor of hippotherapy at Tbilisi Medical Academy. Every year the center organizes special events regarding hippotherapy. List of quotationsA parent says about the results of therapy: â€Å"The biggest change for Maxim has been the area of speech. Before the hippotherapy, he could say only a few words clearly and would attempt speech only if it was modeled for him. After only four sessions, Maxim speaks about 20 words clearly and is making approximations of several more, sometimes spontaneously. Something extraordinary happens to Maxim when he is up on that horse. The feeling of the rhythm of the horse walking seems to be helping Maxim’s brain organize what it needs to make speech happen. † Professor M.Rukhadze tells about the difference of hippotherapy from clinics: â€Å"Hippotherapy takes the patient out of the traditional clinical setting and places them into a more relaxed, yet stimulating atmosphere in order to help them meet their functional goals. Patients are in a natural environment, which may help integrate their needs into everyday life experiences. Children, who are sensitive to being â€Å"different†, do not consider the riding environment to be a clinic. † Logo Questionnaire for journalists 1. Name and last name 2. Company 3. Phone number 4. E-mail

Up in Arms About Economics Essay Topics?

Up in Arms About Economics Essay Topics? What You Must Know About Economics Essay Topics Write clearly and show colleges how you think and exactly what you will add to the campus. Colleges are seeking a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. They want to get to know more about you. They are more likely to admit students who can articulate specific reasons why the school is a good fit for them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. School should happen in the evenings. College is an intellectual place so attempt to convince the board that you're the perfect person in their opinion. Colleges are not searching for perfect individuals. The Foolproof Economics Essay Topics Strategy Writing the college application essay is a challenging gig. Fortunately, colleges will think something similar about you in case you choose to incorporate your love of literature in your essay. They do want you to have strong beliefs that you're willing to stand for, and some essay questions give you the opportunity to do just that. They can tell when your essay is just a form essay. Good persuasive essay topics must be persuasive. By avoiding the topics listed previously'll guarantee your essay helps instead of hurts your likelihood of admission. The essay is just one of the big approaches it's possible to distinguish yourself. It is beneficial for structuring your economic essay. Facts, Fiction and Economics Essay Topics Think of the experience that you would like to write about. Thus, to compose a great essay you need to brainstorm all thoughts concerning your life experiences. When you're writing about yourself, make certain that you include words that explain the emotions you're feeling at several regions of the story. In case you decide you must chat about one of the cliche essay topics mentioned previously, a very good method to tell a more prevalent story is to concentrate on one specific moment and build from that point. If you don't have properly developed writing skills or understand how to apply critical thinking to the assignment, there are not many chances you will find a positive feedback on your work. During the long years of studying, there will certainly be a moment when you will require the aid of essay writing advisors. There is not any way a student may keep up with all the writing assignments. One of the chief explanations for why college students should not fret about writing quality college essays is the simple fact that help with writing is already a service that's easily available and accessible nowadays. Economics Essay Topics - What Is It? There are several varieties of essays, it is not difficult to shed an eye on all your writing assignments. The readers want to observe the huge picture. One, we apply an extremely careful collection of our writers. Our writers can create original academic works in various subjects. The only rule to follow when picking a topic for your college essay is to select the topic you're eager to write about. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good notion to start out with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. Try out another topic and do the very same 5-minute writing test till you locate a topic you know it is simple to write on. Select a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make sure that you know a lot about it! The Number One Question You Must Ask for Economics Essay Topics Be mindful of the size it must be and get started writing the narrative essay outline. If you don't understand how to define the significant theories for your paper, check economics essay topics on the web or what you've read in the textbook. If you don't understand how to begin your essay or where to search for supporting data, we'll be happy to help you. It is extremely important to understand how to format an essay properly. Maybe a philosophical text really elucidates your existing paradigm. In many professional contexts, respectful argumentation is the thing that leads to the growth of new thoughts and perspectives. An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper will help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. Economics Essay Topics: the Ultimate Convenience! Like the death penalty, the thought of marijuana legality was debated and discussed for a long time. In the world today, terrorism is a massive hot topic. On the flip side, in case you made a very good choice, focus on what influenced you to make that decision and the way it has changed you. 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Theories Are Reliable Or Not - 3014 Words

Organisation culture is defined as a set of multiple values, some of which include expectations, philosophy and interactions with the outer world and how the organization approaches each of these aspects (BusinessDictionary, 2014). In this report we aim to explore three different theories regarding organisation culture and apply these theories to three businesses with different values and structures. We will go about this by using primary research we have gathered to make informed decisions on what theories suit the different businesses best and why some theories cannot be applied in certain circumstances. After analyzing our research, comparisons and contrasts will be drawn up against the organisations we selected. This will then be used†¦show more content†¦Schein believes that the deeper the layer within his metaphorical onion something classes, that harder that aspect of the company will be to change, these assumptions may either bring together or even separate the organisation (Miller, 2014). Handy’s Four Types of Organisational Culture Handy’s theory on the four types of culture separates organisational culture into four distinct categories: the power culture, the role culture, the task culture and the person culture. Handy describes the power culture as a spider web with a spider in the centre. The power culture is also built on trust and the personal commitments of individuals. He suggests that this type of culture best reflects on small businesses where there is one sole owner or very few owners. Within the power culture, the person in charge (the spider) makes the majority of decisions quickly and without consulting others. The power culture also contains polices, rules and procedures (Open University, n.d.). The role culture is metaphorically represented as a Greek building (a building with support beams and columns) (Open University, n.d.).The beams and columns have an important role in keeping the building functional. This culture is typical of a bureaucratic organisation and is full of specialists (iWise2, 2011). Within the role culture there are sets of rules and regulations which are defined by a person s job title and drive the organisation forward. Within the role culture, every employee isShow MoreRelatedWhy Is Knowledge Important?1337 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge or many different types? When can somebody be set to have knowledge? Can you now know that this printed page is in front of you or are you hallucinating? These questions need to be asked before looking at the Justified True Belief (JTB) theory. II. Types of Knowledge There are three different types of knowledge: know-how, object and propositional. Object knowledge is acquaintance about place, person or a thing. The know-how knowledge deals with the ability to know something (how toRead MoreInternalism Theory of Knowledge1183 Words   |  5 PagesInternalism is one of the epistemic theories of knowledge and is explained as the effects that cause beliefs to be justified or unjustified. They are called J- factors and they must in some way, be internal to the subject. The best way to internalize J-Factors is to limit them to beliefs. The constraint internalists place on J-Factors is more plausibly constructed in terms of intellectual convenience. 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During the course of my Biology HL syllabus, I came across the theory of the fluid mosaic model. I instantly considered this theory to be absolute and accurate. This level of certainty was created with the first reading of the theory, and evoked the question as to what makes the theories formulated in natural and human sciences as convincing as they are. Both Natural and Human scientists take pride in the fact thatRead MoreThe Knowledge Of Natural Sciences And History1592 Words   |  7 Pagescentral knowledge questions are, how reliable is it to use only one way of knowing in one Area of knowledge in order to gain knowledge? and Is it essential to use a network of ways of knowing to acquire good knowledge? The scope of Natural Sciences is to create principles, theories and laws about the natural world. Natural Sciences theories and laws are based on a scientific methodology (hypothetico-deductive method ). The scientific method always tries to connect theory and observation, this is one mannerRead MoreScientific Knowledge Is Reliable Knowledge871 Words   |  4 Pageswould react and my own personal opinion. â€Å"Scientific knowledge is proven knowledge. Scientific theories are derived in some rigorous way from the facts of experience acquired by observation and experiment. Science is based on what we can see and hear and touch, etc. Personal opinion or preferences and speculative imaginings have no place in science. Science is objective. Scientific knowledge is reliable knowledge because it is objectively proven knowledge.† Chalmers is a supporter of an inductivistRead MoreCritically Analyzing Sources for Research742 Words   |  3 Pagessources. It is an important life skill. By using the ability to research, they can find articles with credible, reliable, and relevant information to get the best and dependable research. 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The Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver - 1241 Words

Bauer 1 Zoe Bauer Mrs. Carroll AP English IV – 5th hour 7 April 2015 We live in a paternalistic society which is defined as a society controlled and run by men. Men not only dominate in government and business, but they also make the rules for the world that we live in. It is said to be a man s world. In essentially every past and present known society, women have not been treated as the full equals of men. A woman s main value is to support a man, bear children, and housekeeping duties. This is how it has always been in most cultures. The novel, The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver, shows the paternalistic society in which the Price family lives in. In 1959 an obstinate Baptist minister named Nathan Price drags his wife and four daughters deep into the heart of the Congo on a mission to save the unenlightened souls of Africa. Nathan Price is a prime example of an arrogant father. He, a servant of God, seems to think that he is God. This complex is magnified by the fact that the minister has a low opinion of the female sex in general, and he doe s not exclude his daughters or his wife. In a society where men and women are not seen as equals, women struggle to find their identity. Nathan sees his wife children as burdens, rather than gifts. A child is supposed to be your pride and joy and Nathan does not see this. He is more of a ruler than a father. Orleanna even Bauer 2 asks him, â€Å"Is that how a father rules?† A family is not supposed to be one person ruling overShow MoreRelatedThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1124 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel The Poisonwood Bible, written by Barbara Kingsolver, the reader is introduced to the Price family, Baptist missionaries who are attempting to â€Å"Christianize† the country of Congo, more specifically the village of Kilanga. As the story progresses, the family realizes that they are not changing the Congo; instead, the Congo is changing them. The development of the characters within the novel is due to the instrument of cruelty. Although distasteful to regard it as such, cruelty motivatesRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1352 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessful. In the beginning of The Poisonwood Bible, Orleanna introduces to the readers in a third person’s point of view, â€Å"The daughters march behind her, each one tensed to fire off a womanâ⠂¬â„¢s heart on a different path to glory or damnation† (5). Orleanna, a mother who lives throughout the story of The Poisonwood Bible, acknowledges how women, in great numbers, are found walking down the path of trying to be successful. The Poisonwood Bible, by Barbara Kingsolver, involves the Price family of 6, whichRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe Poisonwood Bible Nowadays, in today’s society, survival is considered the basic instinct of all humans. Commonly defined as the state of â€Å"continuing to live or exist, in spite of an accident, ordeal or difficult circumstance,†(Dictionary) survival teaches us the will to succeed and face adversity despite the challenges and obstacles we may encounter along the way. In Barbara Kingsolver’s novel â€Å" The Poisonwood Bible,† there is a central theme of survival. Whether it includes finding suppliesRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1198 Words   |  5 PagesPeriod 2 Part I Title: The Poisonwood Bible Author: Barbara Kingsolver Date of Original Publication: 1998 Biographical information about the author (five facts): -Kingslover was born in 1955 - Throughout her life, she has lived in England, France, and the Canary Islands, and has worked in Europe, Africa, Asia, Mexico, and South America. - Kingsolver was named one the most important writers of the 20th Century by Writers Digest. - Her work, The Poisonwood Bible, was a finalist for the PulitzerRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1807 Words   |  8 Pageshalf of humanity, for the benefit of all†. Feminism, the act of advocating for female rights in order for them to be equal to those of men, has been an issue for hundreds of years that is sadly lacking present-day progression. 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No one shows the oppression, inflicted upon the Congo’sRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe Poisonwood Bible 1998 Historical Fiction Characteristics: Unique location, Primitivism, different ways of speaking and racial views Barbara Kingsolver Barbara Kingsolver, born in 1955, grew up in Kentucky and lived in many different countries such as : England, France, and Canary Islands. She attended Debauw University and University of Arizona where she earned a biology degree. Kingsolver now is a beloved author of eleven books and has been named the most important author of the twentieth centuryRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1961 Words   |  8 PagesThe poisonwood Bible is a book about identity, growing up and family. The main characters throughout the book grow and learn to become new people through new relationships they develop while in the Congo as well as through struggles they face while in the Congo. Barbara Kingsolver uses the literary elements of plot, the characters, and point of view to develop the characterization and relationships between the Price family in the Poisonwood Bible. Throughout the book Kingsolver uses different aspectsRead MoreEssay on The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver919 Words   |  4 Pagesa sure sense of self. But along with all these great things come regret, guilt, and shame of past events. Everyone deals with these in different ways, sometimes turning to religion and denial as coping mechanisms. In the novel The Poisonwood Bible, By Barbara Kingsolver, each member of the Price family deals with a personal guilt either gained while on their mission in the Congo or long before. This novel exemplifies the different types of guilt the Price family experienced throughout their stay inRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver2015 Words   |  9 PagesThe Poisonwood Bible, written by Barbara Kingsolver, details the experiences of a missionary family in the Congo, narrated by the Price women. Multiple questions are introduced over the course of the novel, some being answered and others not so much. One important theme in the novel is the influence of surroundings on the characters, specifically Leah Price. Leah Price arguably went through the most change and development as a result of her surroundings and environment. Her moral, psychological change

A Game of Thrones Chapter Forty-two Free Essays

string(99) " to toss the dice, I was counting on your being smart enough to know where your best interest lay\." Tyrion They had taken shelter beneath a copse of aspens just off the high road. Tyrion was gathering deadwood while their horses took water from a mountain stream. He stooped to pick up a splintered branch and examined it critically. We will write a custom essay sample on A Game of Thrones Chapter Forty-two or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Will this do? I am not practiced at starting fires. Morrec did that for me.† â€Å"A fire?† Bronn said, spitting. â€Å"Are you so hungry to die, dwarf? Or have you taken leave of your senses? A fire will bring the clansmen down on us from miles around. I mean to survive this journey, Lannister.† â€Å"And how do you hope to do that?† Tyrion asked. He tucked the branch under his arm and poked around through the sparse undergrowth, looking for more. His back ached from the effort of bending; they had been riding since daybreak, when a stone-faced Ser Lyn Corbray had ushered them through the Bloody Gate and commanded them never to return. â€Å"We have no chance of fighting our way back,† Bronn said, â€Å"but two can cover more ground than ten, and attract less notice. The fewer days we spend in these mountains, the more like we are to reach the riverlands. Ride hard and fast, I say. Travel by night and hole up by day, avoid the road where we can, make no noise and light no fires.† Tyrion Lannister sighed. â€Å"A splendid plan, Bronn. Try it, as you like . . . and forgive me if I do not linger to bury you.† â€Å"You think to outlive me, dwarf?† The sellsword grinned. He had a dark gap in his smile where the edge of Ser Vardis Egen’s shield had cracked a tooth in half. Tyrion shrugged. â€Å"Riding hard and fast by night is a sure way to tumble down a mountain and crack your skull. I prefer to make my crossing slow and easy. I know you love the taste of horse, Bronn, but if our mounts die under us this time, we’ll be trying to saddle shadowcats . . . and if truth be told, I think the clans will find us no matter what we do. Their eyes are all around us.† He swept a gloved hand over the high, wind-carved crags that surrounded them. Bronn grimaced. â€Å"Then we’re dead men, Lannister.† â€Å"If so, I prefer to die comfortable,† Tyrion replied. â€Å"We need a fire. The nights are cold up here, and hot food will warm our bellies and lift our spirits. Do you suppose there’s any game to be had? Lady Lysa has kindly provided us with a veritable feast of salt beef, hard cheese, and stale bread, but I would hate to break a tooth so far from the nearest maester.† â€Å"I can find meat.† Beneath a fall of black hair, Bronn’s dark eyes regarded Tyrion suspiciously. â€Å"I should leave you here with your fool’s fire. If I took your horse, I’d have twice the chance to make it through. What would you do then, dwarf?† â€Å"Die, most like.† Tyrion stooped to get another stick. â€Å"You don’t think I’d do it?† â€Å"You’d do it in an instant, if it meant your life. You were quick enough to silence your friend Chiggen when he caught that arrow in his belly.† Bronn had yanked back the man’s head by the hair and driven the point of his dirk in under the ear, and afterward told Catelyn Stark that the other sellsword had died of his wound. â€Å"He was good as dead,† Bronn said, â€Å"and his moaning was bringing them down on us. Chiggen would have done the same for me . . . and he was no friend, only a man I rode with. Make no mistake, dwarf. I fought for you, but I do not love you.† â€Å"It was your blade I needed,† Tyrion said, â€Å"not your love.† He dumped his armful of wood on the ground. Bronn grinned. â€Å"You’re bold as any sellsword, I’ll give you that. How did you know I’d take your part?† â€Å"Know?† Tyrion squatted awkwardly on his stunted legs to build the fire. â€Å"I tossed the dice. Back at the inn, you and Chiggen helped take me captive. Why? The others saw it as their duty, for the honor of the lords they served, but not you two. You had no lord, no duty, and precious little honor, so why trouble to involve yourselves?† He took out his knife and whittled some thin strips of bark off one of the sticks he’d gathered, to serve as kindling. â€Å"Well, why do sellswords do anything? For gold. You were thinking Lady Catelyn would reward you for your help, perhaps even take you into her service. Here, that should do, I hope. Do you have a flint?† Bronn slid two fingers into the pouch at his belt and tossed down a flint. Tyrion caught it in the air. â€Å"My thanks,† he said. â€Å"The thing is, you did not know the Starks. Lord Eddard is a proud, honorable, and honest man, and his lady wife is worse. Oh, no doubt she would have found a coin or two for you when this was all over, and pressed it in your hand with a polite word and a look of distaste, but that’s the most you could have hoped for. The Starks look for courage and loyalty and honor in the men they choose to serve them, and if truth be told, you and Chiggen were lowborn scum.† Tyrion struck the flint against his dagger, trying for a spark. Nothing. Bronn snorted. â€Å"You have a bold tongue, little man. One day someone is like to cut it out and make you eat it.† â€Å"Everyone tells me that.† Tyrion glanced up at the sellsword. â€Å"Did I offend you? My pardons . . . but you are scum, Bronn, make no mistake. Duty, honor, friendship, what’s that to you? No, don’t trouble yourself, we both know the answer. Still, you’re not stupid. Once we reached the Vale, Lady Stark had no more need of you . . . but I did, and the one thing the Lannisters have never lacked for is gold. When the moment came to toss the dice, I was counting on your being smart enough to know where your best interest lay. You read "A Game of Thrones Chapter Forty-two" in category "Essay examples" Happily for me, you did.† He slammed stone and steel together again, fruitlessly. â€Å"Here,† said Bronn, squatting, â€Å"I’ll do it.† He took the knife and flint from Tyrion’s hands and struck sparks on his first try. A curl of bark began to smolder. â€Å"Well done,† Tyrion said. â€Å"Scum you may be, but you’re undeniably useful, and with a sword in your hand you’re almost as good as my brother Jaime. What do you want, Bronn? Gold? Land? Women? Keep me alive, and you’ll have it.† Bronn blew gently on the fire, and the flames leapt up higher. â€Å"And if you die?† â€Å"Why then, I’ll have one mourner whose grief is sincere,† Tyrion said, grinning. â€Å"The gold ends when I do.† The fire was blazing up nicely. Bronn stood, tucked the flint back into his pouch, and tossed Tyrion his dagger. â€Å"Fair enough,† he said. â€Å"My sword’s yours, then . . . but don’t go looking for me to bend the knee and m’lord you every time you take a shit. I’m no man’s toady.† â€Å"Nor any man’s friend,† Tyrion said. â€Å"I’ve no doubt you’d betray me as quick as you did Lady Stark, if you saw a profit in it. If the day ever comes when you’re tempted to sell me out, remember this, Bronn—I’ll match their price, whatever it is. I like living. And now, do you think you could do something about finding us some supper?† â€Å"Take care of the horses,† Bronn said, unsheathing the long dirk he wore at his hip. He strode into the trees. An hour later the horses had been rubbed down and fed, the fire was crackling away merrily, and a haunch of a young goat was turning above the flames, spitting and hissing. â€Å"All we lack now is some good wine to wash down our kid,† Tyrion said. â€Å"That, a woman, and another dozen swords,† Bronn said. He sat cross-legged beside the fire, honing the edge of his longsword with an oilstone. There was something strangely reassuring about the rasping sound it made when he drew it down the steel. â€Å"It will be full dark soon,† the sellsword pointed out. â€Å"I’ll take first watch . . . for all the good it will do us. It might be kinder to let them kill us in our sleep.† â€Å"Oh, I imagine they’ll be here long before it comes to sleep.† The smell of the roasting meat made Tyrion’s mouth water. Bronn watched him across the fire. â€Å"You have a plan,† he said flatly, with a scrape of steel on stone. â€Å"A hope, call it,† Tyrion said. â€Å"Another toss of the dice.† â€Å"With our lives as the stake?† Tyrion shrugged. â€Å"What choice do we have?† He leaned over the fire and sawed a thin slice of meat from the kid. â€Å"Ahhhh,† he sighed happily as he chewed. Grease ran down his chin. â€Å"A bit tougher than I’d like, and in want of spicing, but I’ll not complain too loudly. If I were back at the Eyrie, I’d be dancing on a precipice in hopes of a boiled bean.† â€Å"And yet you gave the turnkey a purse of gold,† Bronn said. â€Å"A Lannister always pays his debts.† Even Mord had scarcely believed it when Tyrion tossed him the leather purse. The gaoler’s eyes had gone big as boiled eggs as he yanked open the drawstring and beheld the glint of gold. â€Å"I kept the silver,† Tyrion had told him with a crooked smile, â€Å"but you were promised the gold, and there it is.† It was more than a man like Mord could hope to earn in a lifetime of abusing prisoners. â€Å"And remember what I said, this is only a taste. If you ever grow tired of Lady Arryn’s service, present yourself at Casterly Rock, and I’ll pay you the rest of what I owe you.† With golden dragons spilling out of both hands, Mord had fallen to his knees and promised that he would do just that. Bronn yanked out his dirk and pulled the meat from the fire. He began to carve thick chunks of charred meat off the bone as Tyrion hollowed out two heels of stale bread to serve as trenchers. â€Å"If we do reach the river, what will you do then?† the sellsword asked as he cut. â€Å"Oh, a whore and a featherbed and a flagon of wine, for a start.† Tyrion held out his trencher, and Bronn filled it with meat. â€Å"And then to Casterly Rock or King’s Landing, I think. I have some questions that want answering, concerning a certain dagger.† The sellsword chewed and swallowed. â€Å"So you were telling it true? It was not your knife?† Tyrion smiled thinly. â€Å"Do I look a liar to you?† By the time their bellies were full, the stars had come out and a halfmoon was rising over the mountains. Tyrion spread his shadowskin cloak on the ground and stretched out with his saddle for a pillow. â€Å"Our friends are taking their sweet time.† â€Å"If I were them, I’d fear a trap,† Bronn said. â€Å"Why else would we be so open, if not to lure them in?† Tyrion chuckled. â€Å"Then we ought to sing and send them fleeing in terror.† He began to whistle a tune. â€Å"You’re mad, dwarf,† Bronn said as he cleaned the grease out from under his nails with his dirk. â€Å"Where’s your love of music, Bronn?† â€Å"If it was music you wanted, you should have gotten the singer to champion you.† Tyrion grinned. â€Å"That would have been amusing. I can just see him fending off Ser Vardis with his woodharp.† He resumed his whistling. â€Å"Do you know this song?† he asked. â€Å"You hear it here and there, in inns and whorehouses.† â€Å"Myrish. ‘The Seasons of My Love.’ Sweet and sad, if you understand the words. The first girl I ever bedded used to sing it, and I’ve never been able to put it out of my head.† Tyrion gazed up at the sky. It was a clear cold night and the stars shone down upon the mountains as bright and merciless as truth. â€Å"I met her on a night like this,† he heard himself saying. â€Å"Jaime and I were riding back from Lannisport when we heard a scream, and she came running out into the road with two men dogging her heels, shouting threats. My brother unsheathed his sword and went after them, while I dismounted to protect the girl. She was scarcely a year older than I was, dark-haired, slender, with a face that would break your heart. It certainly broke mine. Lowborn, half-starved, unwashed . . . yet lovely. They’d torn the rags she was wearing half off her back, so I wrapped her in my cloak while Jaime chased the men into the woods. By the time h e came trotting back, I’d gotten a name out of her, and a story. She was a crofter’s child, orphaned when her father died of fever, on her way to . . . well, nowhere, really. â€Å"Jaime was all in a lather to hunt down the men. It was not often outlaws dared prey on travelers so near to Casterly Rock, and he took it as an insult. The girl was too frightened to send off by herself, though, so I offered to take her to the closest inn and feed her while my brother rode back to the Rock for help. â€Å"She was hungrier than I would have believed. We finished two whole chickens and part of a third, and drank a flagon of wine, talking. I was only thirteen, and the wine went to my head, I fear. The next thing I knew, I was sharing her bed. If she was shy, I was shyer. I’ll never know where I found the courage. When I broke her maidenhead, she wept, but afterward she kissed me and sang her little song, and by morning I was in love.† â€Å"You?† Bronn’s voice was amused. â€Å"Absurd, isn’t it?† Tyrion began to whistle the song again. â€Å"I married her,† he finally admitted. â€Å"A Lannister of Casterly Rock wed to a crofter’s daughter,† Bronn said. â€Å"How did you manage that?† â€Å"Oh, you’d be astonished at what a boy can make of a few lies, fifty pieces of silver, and a drunken septon. I dared not bring my bride home to Casterly Rock, so I set her up in a cottage of her own, and for a fortnight we played at being man and wife. And then the septon sobered and confessed all to my lord father.† Tyrion was surprised at how desolate it made him feel to say it, even after all these years. Perhaps he was just tired. â€Å"That was the end of my marriage.† He sat up and stared at the dying fire, blinking at the light. â€Å"He sent the girl away?† â€Å"He did better than that,† Tyrion said. â€Å"First he made my brother tell me the truth. The girl was a whore, you see. Jaime arranged the whole affair, the road, the outlaws, all of it. He thought it was time I had a woman. He paid double for a maiden, knowing it would be my first time. â€Å"After Jaime had made his confession, to drive home the lesson, Lord Tywin brought my wife in and gave her to his guards. They paid her fair enough. A silver for each man, how many whores command that high a price? He sat me down in the corner of the barracks and bade me watch, and at the end she had so many silvers the coins were slipping through her fingers and rolling on the floor, she . . . † The smoke was stinging his eyes. Tyrion cleared his throat and turned away from the fire, to gaze out into darkness. â€Å"Lord Tywin had me go last,† he said in a quiet voice. â€Å"And he gave me a gold coin to pay her, because I was a Lannister, and worth more.† After a time he heard the noise again, the rasp of steel on stone as Bronn sharpened his sword. â€Å"Thirteen or thirty or three, I would have killed the man who did that to me.† Tyrion swung around to face him. â€Å"You may get that chance one day. Remember what I told you. A Lannister always pays his debts.† He yawned. â€Å"I think I will try and sleep. Wake me if we’re about to die.† He rolled himself up in the shadowskin and shut his eyes. The ground was stony and cold, but after a time Tyrion Lannister did sleep. He dreamt of the sky cell. This time he was the gaoler, not the prisoner, big, with a strap in his hand, and he was hitting his father, driving him back, toward the abyss . . . â€Å"Tyrion.† Bronn’s warning was low and urgent. Tyrion was awake in the blink of an eye. The fire had burned down to embers, and the shadows were creeping in all around them. Bronn had raised himself to one knee, his sword in one hand and his dirk in the other. Tyrion held up a hand: stay still, it said. â€Å"Come share our fire, the night is cold,† he called out to the creeping shadows. â€Å"I fear we’ve no wine to offer you, but you’re welcome to some of our goat.† All movement stopped. Tyrion saw the glint of moonlight on metal. â€Å"Our mountain,† a voice called out from the trees, deep and hard and unfriendly. â€Å"Our goat.† â€Å"Your goat,† Tyrion agreed. â€Å"Who are you?† â€Å"When you meet your gods,† a different voice replied, â€Å"say it was Gunthor son of Gurn of the Stone Crows who sent you to them.† A branch cracked underfoot as he stepped into the light; a thin man in a horned helmet, armed with a long knife. â€Å"And Shagga son of Dolf.† That was the first voice, deep and deadly. A boulder shifted to their left, and stood, and became a man. Massive and slow and strong he seemed, dressed all in skins, with a club in his right hand and an axe in his left. He smashed them together as he lumbered closer. Other voices called other names, Conn and Torrek and Jaggot and more that Tyrion forgot the instant he heard them; ten at least. A few had swords and knives; others brandished pitchforks and scythes and wooden spears. He waited until they were done shouting out their names before he gave them answer. â€Å"I am Tyrion son of Tywin, of the Clan Lannister, the Lions of the Rock. We will gladly pay you for the goat we ate.† â€Å"What do you have to give us, Tyrion son of Tywin?† asked the one who named himself Gunthor, who seemed to be their chief. â€Å"There is silver in my purse,† Tyrion told them. â€Å"This hauberk I wear is large for me, but it should fit Conn nicely, and the battle-axe I carry would suit Shagga’s mighty hand far better than that wood-axe he holds.† â€Å"The halfman would pay us with our own coin,† said Conn. â€Å"Conn speaks truly,† Gunthor said. â€Å"Your silver is ours. Your horses are ours. Your hauberk and your battle-axe and the knife at your belt, those are ours too. You have nothing to give us but your lives. How would you like to die, Tyrion son of Tywin?† â€Å"In my own bed, with a belly full of wine and a maiden’s mouth around my cock, at the age of eighty,† he replied. The huge one, Shagga, laughed first and loudest. The others seemed less amused. â€Å"Conn, take their horses,† Gunthor commanded. â€Å"Kill the other and seize the halfinan. He can milk the goats and make the mothers laugh.† Bronn sprang to his feet. â€Å"Who dies first?† â€Å"No!† Tyrion said sharply. â€Å"Gunthor son of Gurn, hear me. My House is rich and powerful. If the Stone Crows will see us safely through these mountains, my lord father will shower you with gold.† â€Å"The gold of a lowland lord is as worthless as a halfman’s promises,† Gunthor said. â€Å"Half a man I may be,† Tyrion said, â€Å"yet I have the courage to face my enemies. What do the Stone Crows do, but hide behind rocks and shiver with fear as the knights of the Vale ride by?† Shagga gave a roar of anger and clashed club against axe. Jaggot poked at Tyrion’s face with the fire-hardened point of a long wooden spear. He did his best not to flinch. â€Å"Are these the best weapons you could steal?† he said. â€Å"Good enough for killing sheep, perhaps . . . if the sheep do not fight back. My father’s smiths shit better steel.† â€Å"Little boyman,† Shagga roared, â€Å"will you mock my axe after I chop off your manhood and feed it to the goats?† But Gunthor raised a hand. â€Å"No. I would hear his words. The mothers go hungry, and steel fills more mouths than gold. What would you give us for your lives, Tyrion son of Tywin? Swords? Lances? Mail?† â€Å"All that, and more, Gunthor son of Gurn,† Tyrion Lannister replied, smiling. â€Å"I will give you the Vale of Arryn.† How to cite A Game of Thrones Chapter Forty-two, Essay examples

Argue The Pros And Cons Of The Said Proposition †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Ngos Need Highly Professional Fundraisers, Marketing Teams And Public Relation Lobbyist. Argue The Pros And Cons Of The Said Proposition. Answer: Introduction Non-government organizations or as is also said not for profit organisations, are formed to basically help the needy, poor, women empowerment, deal with child abuses of various kinds etc. They ensure upliftment of the society in a sustained manner and across the borders as well. These organizations are focussed on particular tasks and the participants are individuals who have a common interest. The NGOs main work is to bring the various issues and problems of the citizens in the eyes of the government so that the government can take certain steps for the prevention of the same. However, the present day NGOs should look upon upgrading their internal technical competencies immediately. NGOs work upon the funds they receive as charities from the various organizations and individuals and are very high on maintaining public relations. But globalisation has led to the emergence of a need of better fundraising techniques which is more professional in nature, a team who could market about th eir NGO in a more attractive manner so as to attract more people to become their members and also help in receiving huge amounts of charity and also successful in maintain high end public relations (International Institute of Sustainable Development, 2013). The said essay discusses upon the advantages and disadvantages of the said proposition i.e. the need of the NGOs of professional fundraisers, marketing teams and public relation lobbyists. Pros And Cons Of Having Professional Fundraisers By The Ngos Fund raising in a more professional manner has become very crucial for all NGOs because of the increase in the quantum of the NGOs. Earlier people had very less choice for giving donations, but nowadays the numbers of NGOs opened have increased. Since these are not for profit organizations, hence they do not have profits generated which they can plough back and carry out the work of their organization. Thus the NGOs are highly dependent upon the funds they receive from the donors. Therefore, due to the same, the need for professional fundraisers has become very important, but unfortunately it also calls for various disadvantages also along with the benefits it has to offer. Planning various fundraising events on its own by the NGOs can pose various challenges as well along with the benefits it has to offer. Since the fundraising procedures are basically putting up of events which needs a lot of planning prior to execution as well as execution at a highly professional level due to the growing competition, planning of any event on a big scale or a small one necessitates the attention of the people who would donate money and also to make people aware of the happening of the event by good advertisement gimmicks. However, the same is not possible without the help of a professional as they know how to attract the crowd and what to highlight in front of those who are willing to make a big donation for the organization (Cherico 2014). These professional fundraising teams would help to prepare a more convincing memorandum and prospectus which would help in collecting the funds more easily. However these benefits are there for the appointment of the professionals , but at the same time is the budget that the NGOs have in organising such events. It should cross the amount of funds received else such events would be of no economic benefit. The biggest disadvantage is the investment and the risk involved which is very high and whether the return would be good or not. However, the number of advantages it has to offer is many. First and foremost is that these professionals help the NGO get various corporate sponsorships which are a must for the successful union of any event specially for NGOs who basically do not have their own funds. It also helps to raise a huge quantum of money and that too within a very short period of time, which these NGOs would have find it very difficult to otherwise. Since these professionals are well versed with the kind of events which would attract the crowd, they would ensure that every penny is received back by the entity. Last but not the least, professional fundraising methods helps in branding a NGO which would help in raising funds in future as well. Pros And Cons Of Having Marketing Teams By Ngos NGOs are organizations that need to market their objectives and aim to the society so that they can procure funds as these are entities formed for not seeking any profit and hence work basis the funds received by the members and those willing to donate. Consequently they need to appoint professional marketing teams who would help to raise funds easily. Since NGOs generally run very low budget thus appointing marketing teams would turn out to be a costly affair for them, further to this if the said team is internalised then they have to assure to provide them with frequent training of the various developments which would help them to market in newer and better ways (Kenner, 2005). They cannot market their firms in a commercialised manner unlike the corporates. However more than the disadvantage of having a separate marketing team, the said prospect of the now NGOs need a separate marketing team since the competition is so high that if the marketing team is not well versed with fresh i deas then the competitors would be ahead and they would lack raising of adequate funds. Specifically, the benefits are more if the marketing team is not inbound and outsourced both monetary wise as well as experience wise. The internal team may lack the required expertise as they have a significant learning curve which the outsourced marketing teams do not as they have experience in their kitty (Arora, 2016). Thereby to fight the pros and cons of having a marketing team from the perspective of a NGO, they should appropriately have a mix of both internal as well as outsourced. Pros And Cons Of Having Public Relation Lobbyist In Ngo Lobbying is a rapid emergent ground that is intimately associated to public relations as the role of lobbyist is to manipulate and persuade the legislators, by means of the skill of affiliation on behalf of organisations view point on different problems. NGOs are basically formed with a mission in their mind such as educating the crowd about various issues and how to deal with the same (Saylor Academy. 2012). Lobbyist in public relation has gained importance as they make efforts on behalf of the NGOs in circulating and propagating civic information, convincing the people to adopt those views of the NGO with the usage of press as an agent and asymmetric public relations and the usage of symmetrical public relations so that funding from various donors can increase as well as funding from the government (Kennerknecht, 2017). Generally those who form NGOs are very influential people such as former government workers or employees and there way of lobbying public relation is partnering wit h the various leaders such as political and social to fulfil their aims and the initiatives. Although it is very beneficial as it helps these NGOs to seek help and funds very easily, but the disadvantage of the same is that these influential people often try to take undue advantage of their position and utilise these NGOs for siphoning of their funds (Howard, 2014). Unfortunately the main aim and goal of forming a NGO gets defeated as soon as such lobbyist get into the picture. Thus even though they are helpful in making people aware of the various issues being dealt by the NGOs, but their need for funds make these NGOs as well also to indulge into such manipulations and laundering of funds. Conclusion Thus the fact that these NGOs will succeed in this competitive world only via proper professional attitude towards raising of funds rather than depending upon their traditional methods of knocking at various doors, ensuring that the marketing team is well versed with the requirement of the present hour and the fact that outsourcing brings with it experience as well with knowledge and lobbying the public relation since it is very difficult to get through influential people otherwise and without them also it becomes difficult for the NGOs to do branding of their entity and procure funds to meet the cause of the organization cannot be denied. But further to this one cannot even ignore the darker side of the same wherein appointing of professionals would hit the budget part of the NGO, the outsourcing of the marketing team is not the sole solution and thus a mix is very important and along with the same maintaining a parity between the two i.e. internal and external team is a difficult t ask and last but not the least, lobbying public relation may at times defeat the whole purpose of forming a NGO. Thus even though adoption of these methods are seemingly becoming a must for all NGOs due to the immense competition, yet they should adopt only after analysing both sides of the coin so that the organization is not in a lost position. References: Arora,S., (2016), How Marketing and Communication Strategies can help NGOs achieve Fundraising Success, Available at https://www.fundsforngos.org/civil-society-2/how-can-marketing-communications-strategies-help-ngos-achieve-fundraising-success/ (Accessed 13th September 2017) Cherico,C., (2014), Challenges and Benefits of Non-profit Event Fundraising, Available at https://trust.guidestar.org/blog/2014/03/25/challenges-and-benefits-of-nonprofit-event-fundraising/ (Accessed 13th September 2017) Kenner,K., (2005), 5 Outsourcing advantages for your marketing team, Available at https://grasshoppermarketing.com/5-outsourcing-advantages-for-your-marketing-team/ (Accessed 13th September 2017) Kennerknecht,M., (2017), Is PR the New Lobbying? Available at https://www.huffingtonpost.com/mike-kennerknecht/is-pr-the-new-lobbying_b_8983516.html (Accessed 13th September 2017) Howard,E., (2014), 10 things you need to know about corporate- NGO partnerships, Available at https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/nov/24/10-things-corporate-ngo-partnerships (Accessed 13th September 2017) International Institute of Sustainable Development, (2013), The rise and role of NGOs in sustainable development, Available at https://www.iisd.org/business/ngo/roles.aspx (Accessed 13th September 2017) Saylor Academy., (2012), Mastering Public Relations: Chapter 10: The Practice of Public Relations, Available at https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_mastering-public-relations/index.html (Accessed 13th September 2017)