Determining the Rate of Reaction When Reacting Magnesium Powder with Hydrochloric Acid Essay

Aim: To determine the rate of reaction for: Research Question: What effect does the concentration of hydrochloric acid have on the rate of reaction when combined with magnesium powder? Hypothesis I hypothesise that the volume of hydrogen gas produced will increase at a steep, but steady rate as the concentration of hydrochloric acid increases, until the concentration is equal to 1.0 mol dm-3. Therefore, the rate of reaction will remain constant until this point. I suggest this concentration because the standard concentration of hydrochloric acid used in general experiments is usually 1 mol dm-3. I then theorize that the rate of reaction will gradually decrease until the gradient of the graph (‘effect of increasing concentration of HCl against the volume of hydrogen produced’ – line graph 1) becomes à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0. Variables: Type of Variable Variable Ensured by†¦ Dependent Variable * Time Taken * Timed using stop clock * Volume of Hydrogen Gas Produced * Experiment repeated three time & Average taken Independent Variable (quantitative) * Concentration of HCl(aq) * 8 concentrations were used Controlled Variables * Temperature * Water bath was used * Thermometer placed in water bath * Mass of Magnesium * Used a 3 d.p. balance * Surface Area of Magnesium * Used powder & made sure mass was the same * Volume of Hydrochloric Acid * A burette was used to measure volume Requirements: * water bath (30oC) * 500cm3 conical flask * rubber stopper * delivery tubing * measuring cylinder * clamp stand * stop clock * 0.06g magnesium powder * 20cm3 hydrochloric acid * 3 d.p. balance * spatula * weighing boat * burette (x2) * thermometer in water trough * safety goggles Apparatus: Technical Notes 1) The magnesium powder should be as pure as possible. It should be stored in a clean and dry environment to ensure that no impurities (such as effects of oxidation) prevent the collection of accurate data. 2) Eye protection is necessary due to the use of hydrochloric acid – tiny bubbles may cause irritation of eyes. 3) Rubber, instead of cork, must be used as the material for the bungs. Cork is too porous and will leak. 4) No naked flames should be present – hydrogen gas is extremely flammable Method: 1. The solutions were prepared with a calculated combination of hydrochloric acid and water, to produce 8 different concentrations of 20cm3 hydrochloric acid 2. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram. The trough was half filled with water 3. The measuring cylinder was filled with water, and remained full whilst being turned upside-down (as in diagram) 4. The magnesium powder was added to the conical flask quickly and the bung was replaced as fast as possible to prevent any gas escaping. The stop clock was started. 5. The volume of the gas was then collected in the measuring cylinder, measured and recorded after 30 seconds 6. Steps 3-5 was repeated three times with fresh materials, and an average volume of gas collated was calculated for that concentration 7. This process (steps 1-6) was repeated for the 7 other concentrations (0.25 – 2.00M) 8. The rate of reaction was then calculated for each of the concentrations Observations: * As the magnesium powder reacted with the hydrochloric acid, fizzing on the surface was evidence of a reaction taking place. Conclusion: From my data and calculations, I determined the rate of reaction (for concentration of HCl: 0.25 to 2.00M) to be between 0.24 and 1.14 (respectively) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 11.68%. The rate of reaction is affected by a number of factors. Increasing the concentration of reactants will usually cause the rate of reaction increase. A higher concentration will mean that there is more of the reactant to collide together and react. By measuring the volume of gas (hydrogen) evolved at each concentration, I was able to calculate the rate of reaction for each of the concentrations. The volume of gas evolved increases as the concentration of HCl (aq) increase, as does the rate of reaction (the gradient of line graph 1). However, the graph showing the rate of concentration against average volume of gas (i.e. showing the rate of reaction) begins to level off at 1.25M, and not 1.00M, as I hypothesised. This could be associated to one or many of the random or systematic errors, resulting in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.68% uncertainty for the value of rate of reaction. It could also be that my hypothesis was proved wrong on this account. There is no standard rate of reaction, as it is different for each trial, since the rate of reaction is dependent on concentration. There is not single rate of reaction for this type of experiment. Evaluation: Variable Possible Problems Prevention Temperature of Hydrochloric Acid If the temperature increases, it could be the cause of any change in rate of reaction & would mask the effects of the change in concentration The flask was placed in a water bath set at 30oC in order to keep it at a constant temperature & eliminate this as an independent variable Volume of Hydrochloric Acid If the volume varies, it could be responsible for an increase or decrease in the rate of reaction & it would not be a reliable experiment 20cm3 of hydrochloric acid was used for every experiment Mass of Magnesium Powder If the mass increases, it would alter the rate of reaction & would cause inaccurate results 0.06g of magnesium powder was used for every experiment

Evaluation Essay

The internet in the world of today holds a very important place. It offers everything from finding a good college to finding an elegant dress. It can offer good shopping sites, and the most wonderful part is that your order is delivered to your house. Women today prefer online shopping. Websites of different companies offer all the clothes online. When such websites are designed a lot of things are considered, to satisfy users. I will analyze the website of Guess, Express and Charlotte Russe in three ways, which are the websites designs and layout, variety of clothes and ease to zoom each item. The first way of analyzing the website is its design and layout. The design of such websites should be very appealing and actively engaging. Beginning with Guess, it has an extremely appealing layout and design. The best part of this website is the slide show of four slides that runs on the home page. Each model is wearing an attractive outfit with good makeup. It provides very clear options for the buyer. The website of Express is a decent one. All the tabs are labeled very clearly just as Guess, but instead of a slideshow there is picture of four models, and discount coupons. Slide shows grab the attention of buyer and actively engage them, so it was a minus for the express. Charlotte Russe’s website is the worst; there is not a single model on the home page rather it says twenty five percent off. It would have been better if that was written in a corner with some model dressed up nicely in center. The web layout is pretty much same as rest; however there are pull-down menus, neither Guess nor Express has that feature. I believe pull down menus are more comfortable for the buyer because instead of first choosing ‘women’ and then going for ‘jeans’ or any desired option, one can simply place cursor on women and choose the option from pull down menu. After looking at all features Guess is most appealing to me and Charlotte Russe is least, however in the layout Charlotte Russe is pretty good compared to Guess and Express. My second way to analyze is the variety of clothes they had in each section. To begin with Guess, for example if the option of jeans is clicked in women’s section then eighty-seven different denim jeans are displayed. This provides a wide range of options for the buyer to choose from. The website of express has more types of jeans than Guess like capris, shorts, skinnies, etc, but the number of jeans was less. Express offers sixty jeans while Guess offers eighty seven-jeans. On the website of Charlotte Russe, if the option of jeans is clicked then it also shows sixty different jeans just like Express; therefore, in quantity Express and Charlotte Russe are the same. However Charlotte Rusee has the only four types of jeans which are way less than Guess and Express. Therefore in variety Guess was the best while Charlotte Russe was not as good, with Express in between the two. My third way to analyze is the ease of zooming each item. Beginning with Guess, it offers three ways to look at each jeans: front, back, and side. All three options are displayed vertically on the right side. As soon as the cursor is placed on jeans it forms a small square, and the part in square is zoomed and showed. This is a plus point for its website as it was really easy to see the jeans clearly through this feature. Besides this, a detailed description of jeans was provided on the left side, which also told about its finishing, etc. The jeans of Express could also be viewed in three different ways however, the cursor did not form a square, and rather there was the traditional zoom in and out sign on the corner. The zooming of Guess is far better. The description is present, but it is not as detailed as it is at Guess. Charlotte Russe was the same as Express. It had the same traditional zoom in and out system, with much less descriptions. Therefore I think that Guess is far better, and both Express and Charlotte Russe are nearly same. According to these criteria I would say that the website of Guess is best. The designing of website is appealing, has a huge variety and also it is easy to zoom the item. Express and Charlotte Russe are more or less the same. However, the website of express is better in design, while Charlotte Russe has a better layout. So, I think the two are nearly same.

The Five Different Approaches to Motivation

The first being instincts which are the patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned. Fact: people and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behavior's essential to survive. The second being the drive-reduction approach. It suggests that a lack of some basic biological requirement such as water produces the drive to obtain the water. The third being the arousal approach in which each person tries to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity. The forth would be the incentive approach which it suggests that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals, or incentive. The fifth would be the cognitive approach and it suggests that motivation is a product of a person's thoughts, expectations, and goals-their cognitions. The one approach i chose would be the incentive approach. I feel that i am more motivated when there is some incentive involved because i know at the end of the day i am going to be rewarded for my assistance. For example: My boss wants me to do some work for him that might take two hours. The two hours would be over-time at twenty for dollars an hour. Fortunetly he say for the work, off the clock he would give me two sixty-five dollar tickets to the season opener for The Pistons at The Palace of Auburn Hills. The offer of the tickets gave me incentive to do the work and it only took me an hour and fifteen minutes to finish it.

Management in Context (MIC) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Management in Context (MIC) - Essay Example These reforms originated in urbanized developed economies, whose supporting leaders were under force to keep downward levels of community duty and expenditure, while maintaining elevated stages of welfare and other community services (Manning 1996). A noteworthy feature of the reforms was the conviction that the state had develop into too great and over-committed, and that the marketplace offered better mechanisms for attain the efficient provide of possessions and services (World Bank, 1996, 1997). The public management meadow is in the middle of a theoretical and experiential upheaval concerning the position played by networks in the release of public services. The increase of civic/private cooperation in the civic sphere has throw doubt on the image of the modern bureaucracy as a hierarchical arrangement of incompetence. I continue the procedure of examining management belongings through civic/private networks by discovers the frequently discussed but uncommonly tested plan of time within a system. Much of the management journalism treats networking as a one-shot occurrence, ignoring "executive experience" differences crossways organizations, but this learn treats the relationships shaped over time as a dangerous element of system management achievement (Hasenfeld, Y., and Steinmetz, D. 1981, 83-101). What Are The Main Characteristics Of Bureaucratic Management The traditional representation of community administration is based on the bureaucracy conjecture. It is characterized as "an administration under the official control of the supporting leadership, based on a severely hierarchical replica of bureaucracy, staffed by enduring, neutral and nameless officials, motivated only by the community interest, portion any governing gathering equally, and not causal to policy but simply administrating those strategies decided by the politicians." The conventional model of administration was a development compared to the previous one, which was regarded as the substitute of personal administration with an unfriendly organization based on rules. Indeed these were middle concerns of academics such as Aristotle in ancient Greece, Confucius in antique China, and Machiavelli in medieval Italy. But the beginning of the campaigner, bureaucratic state, in spite of its earlier parallels, is in put into practice an fundamentally twentieth century occurrence. The characteristics of this bureaucratic state were set out the majority obviously by the German sociologist Max Weber in 1920, with physically powerful echoes of previous writings by the American Woodrow Wilson (Hughes, 1998): 1. There be supposed to be a clear division among politics and administration, and consequently distinct roles for political selected (normally elected) and condition officials (normally selected). 2. Administration should be unremitting and conventional, operating on the foundation of printed, unambiguous system 3. Administrators should be enlisted on the basis of qualifications, and be supposed to be skilled professionals 4. Organization should reproduce a functional separation of employment, and a hierarchical agreement of tasks and

Impact on a Family Having a Child with Life Limiting Illness Thesis - 1

Impact on a Family Having a Child with Life Limiting Illness - Thesis Example Consequently, the number of children with terminal diseases continues increasing, raising the cost of their care at family and national levels. Â  Many research studies have been conducted to investigate the financial impact of life-limiting disabilities on medical care budgets of various countries, especially in the developed world. A study conducted by Michelson and Steinhorn (2007) in England investigated the palliative costs of managing various types of life-limiting disabilities on children. Though the study focused on particular standards needed to cater for patients suffering from a particular life-limiting disorder, it gave insights of financial costs that such life-limiting disorders have on families. Â  Majority of all life-limiting conditions require palliative care and in children, such care is concerned with controlling the symptoms and maintaining the good quality of life of the child for the uncertain period before the child dies (Michelson & Steinhorn 2007). Though the death of children with the life-limiting condition is usually expected, it is difficult to determine when and how such children will die. Therefore, caregivers of people with such conditions are faced with financial challenges of preparing the patients until death. EAPC (2007) noted that though children’s palliative care at national level supports children and young persons diagnosed with life-limiting conditions, the inclusion of children with other types of disabilities often puts an extra strain on the care of such patients. According to Chochinov (2005) majority of children, hospices depend on charitable organizations for funding which in most cases is short-term and inconsistent. Others rely on s hort-term grants and statutory funds that are similarly unreliable and as a result, most parents use vast resources to add life to the child is remaining years to supplement the funding for their children’s care. Â  

Critical Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Review - Assignment Example This method is accepted by both governmental and social organizations to meet the needs of the people so that groups of different linguistic range have the same chance to partake in their government and to get services from their government. Language planning preferences usually endeavor to convene these requirements by sinking linguistic variety, where a distinct language is acknowledged as a national language and a single language is affirmed ‘standard’ to encourage linguistic unity in a nation where different languages exist (David, 1988). Considering that languages are organic and active, similar to the societies that give birth to them, it is natural that they contribute to the destiny of the societies of which they form a part. A social order that is healthy with the resources to grow economically, socially, and culturally as well gives rise to a growing language, the same as is obvious in the spread of English and the supremacy of the United States in the worldwide financial system and world dealings. Several people feature the spread of English to a continued existence of most suitable, a normal and accepted course of development. They dispute that contact linking two cultures typically cause the subordination and at times destruction of the weaker culture and their language. Why should one be concerned about that? In an expressive reply, Diamond (1993) says that all must have concern regarding the destiny of languages because of the relation linking language and culture. He explains that when a language is lost, much more than the sounds and structure of that language are gone. Every language is inextricably attached with an exceptional outlook of the world, context, and literature, despite the literature is written or not. He further states that a language is the culmination of thousands of years of a people’s knowledge and wisdom. Also, it is the medium that spread and be responsible for that

English Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English - Research Proposal Example Introduction Currently, there are numerous changes in education of poor and minor students. Funding for their education should be increased. The American government should be interested in promotion and support of the future generation. Disparities between social groups in the American society are evident: â€Å"While some states rightfully have focused their attention on equitably funding their school districts, others have done little to close their funding gaps, and some gaps have grown even larger† (â€Å"Funding Gap†, 2004). The students’ achievements are guaranteed by proper investments of the American government. The state policy-makers should realize the fact that it is very important to provide poor students or ethnic minorities with the challenging curriculum, high-quality teachers, inspiration power of education and a regular control over the students’ successes. Therefore, it is argued further on that federal funding of education for students f rom poor or ethnic minority families should be guaranteed in the name of a sound nation, because education in the modern global world is the first and foremost issue of concern. Argument 1. Nowadays, there is a growing ethnic and social gap in America and the officials often claim that it is beyond their abilities to control education quality of children from ethnic minority families. ... es – could yet have a catastrophic effect on the competitiveness of an American workforce already under pressure from the emerging Asian economies of China and India† (Foster, 2012). Therefore, it is evident that it is beyond the abilities of the American government to take control over a coming childbirth potential of ethnic minority families, but the government is able to develop favorable conditions for a sound development of these families by making proper investments in education of their children. A future generation of Americans can be in a great trouble in case the government will not think about investments in education of ethnic minorities. Argument 2. It cannot be denied that children from poor families are the most vulnerable members of the society. Every day they should realize the fact that they are educated in a challenging and a favorable atmosphere. In accordance with recent data, children from poorer districts do not have enough resources for their deve lopment. It is evident that children from poor families do not have enough opportunities to develop their talents, and they need effective governmental support. Data on funding gaps is the following – in Illinois and New York the states have experienced the largest controversies in funding: â€Å"more than $2,000 per student; in Alabama, Arizona, Louisiana, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Texas are among the states with funding gaps greater than $900 per student† (â€Å"Funding Gap†, 2004). These figures are impressive, and it is evident that every student should be treated individually in order to find appropriate financial funds for a proper investment. Argument 3. The educational opportunities for the students from ethnic minorities or poor families should be friendlier. These children have suffered

Ryanair's globalisation process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ryanair's globalisation process - Essay Example However, new markets come with more challenges in some cases leading to losses to the firm (GOLDMAN & NIEUWENHUIZEN 2006, p.9). Therefore, proper evaluation of the market has to be undertaken to ensure higher chances of success in the new market. Opening up of markets also means a new challenge to the existing market leaders as they are faced with new competition thus the need to change strategy. Changes in regulation also affect the operation of firms in the market thus the need to regularly check regulations to ensure compliance (LOWENDAHL 2005, p.163). At times, the firm may be forced to get back to the drawing board to formulate new way forward so as to be profitable in the global market. Any business desiring to compete in the global market has to make the bold decision of taking on a risky investment (SHETH, PARVATIYAR & SHAINESH, 2001, p.34). In the process of globalization, signing of agreement between Ire and London to open up air traffic between them was the beginning of globalization process in the two countries presenting Ryanair an opportunity to explore new market. In anticipation of increased air traffic between Irish and London, Ryanair made the bold decision of applying for the newly available license to be given to a second firm after the signing of the new air service agreement. Without any past records on the success of the rout in air traffic, applying for the license to operate the route was risky as returns were not assured. Other firms not applying for the license is an indication that there was general fear of investing in new markets. The opportunity came with additional cost requiring additional resources. This is the cost of globalization that the firm had to incur so as to earn revenue from the new investment. The firm incurred cost of purchasing two more planes to satisfy the increasing operations. Increased competition in the market place is also forcing big firms to change their operations to maintain their market

Special observances enhance mission readiness and unit cohesion Article

Special observances enhance mission readiness and unit cohesion - Article Example They form part of the continuous equal opportunity process of educating the relevant stakeholders. Special observances create an opportunity for the commander to promote human relations within the unit. They enhance unity within the unit, awareness, as well as, a deep understanding of the contributions that every member of the unit makes, and the unit’s accomplishments. It is the responsibility of the commander to ensure that the unit takes part in these observations. During the special observances, there is recognition of the unit’s accomplishment and achievements (Fort Jackson, 26). This boosts motivation amongst the unit members, who work towards maintaining their exceptional performance and accomplishing all that the unit has planned. It not only enhances the mission readiness, but also promotes the unit cohesion. The fact that all the members of the unit become aware of what they need to accomplish promotes the mission readiness. Additionally, after the recognition of the unit’s performance, the members continue working hard, which as well promotes the mission readiness. Being aware of what the commander expects from the unit, promotes cohesion within the unit since every member works towards achieving a common goal. Observances enhance cross-gender awareness and cross-cultural awareness. It enhances harmony amongst the members of the military, as well as, their families. All these promote cohesion within the unit. The military has members from a wide range of cultural backgrounds and, therefore, enhancing multi-cultural awareness promotes togetherness within the unit. The members of the unit work together as one team without focusing on the fact that they are from different cultural backgrounds. By bringing their families together, they recognize the fact that they share a lot in common what contributes to deepening their relationship. The members of the military not only work together while on their official duties, but as well help each other on the personal level i.e. helping each other tackle personal problems. This brings them together as one united family. Special observances are part of extensions of the training objectives. For example, by observing some tragedies that occurred in the past, the members of the military would be in a position to respond to such tragedies effectively in the future (Henderson 102). Members of the unit go through training to equip them with skills that are in line with the mission readiness. Special observations are as well part of educating the unit members about equal opportunities and other affirmative actions. This enhances cohesion and hard work within the team since it makes members recognize the fact that the unit embraces the equal opportunity affirmative actions, as well as, the fact that promotions within the unit are on merit. The focus of the observance is not only on the recognition, but also on encouraging interaction amongst the members of the unit. Interaction is critical in the unit as far as cohesion and mission readiness is concerned. For example, it is through the interaction that the members of the unit share experiences and ideas relating to not only their official duties, but also their personal lives. Interactions allow members to share their personal problems whereby all the unit members join hands to help their colleagues who are experiencing problems (Washington 59). This is one of the key ways through, which the observances promote cohesion within the unit. It is the responsibility of the commander to ensure that observances are successful and that the interaction within the unit is effective. Effective communication within the un

Marketing plan for Milk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing plan for Milk - Essay Example A marketing plan is prepared for assisting the business in integrating the total marketing efforts. The planning process begins with an attempt by the company to size up its present market situation and the factors responsible for it. Such a plan ensures a systematic approach to developing products and services to meet and satisfy the consumer's needs. An established milk beverage manufacturer is introducing a completely new product - flavored milk beverages for the segment 6-12 years old. The marketing plan for this product will be as follows;Current marketing situation: Flavoured milk also known as value added milk is being placed by British companies for different segments of the market. are increasingly targeting the value-added milk for growth opportunities as they re-align their businesses and move away from commodity products. Current competing cost/profit ratio: In view of the stiff competition and presence of big players in the market place, the cost/profit ratio is likely to remain high with higher cost inputs and lower returns. We cannot put a higher price tag to recover all the costs involved.Opportunity and issue analysis: So far in particular the flavoured milk market has managed to compete as some sectors of the milk and cream market still suffer from a lack of innovation and marketing support. Healthy eating trends are having an impact on the market which has started favouring semi-skimmed and skimmed milk.Entry/exit barriers: White milk accounts for 96% of the market share. Well established branded products are also in the market. ... Flavoured milk is facing increased competion in the chilled segment from functional yogurt drink. Benefiting from current Milk campaign: An increased awareness amongst the consumers about the benefits of flavoured milk. Objectives: To create a niche for itself in the existing market and mainly amongst the targeted segment. Money Goals: To start with the company is ready to bear some losses for the initial period but the efforts will continue with renewed vigour for attaining the breakeven point as soon as possible. Sales goals: In the first year of operation, company can target to lure away at least 2-3% of the existing market. The company will try to gain as many new customers as possible. Profit goals: Company is not looking for profits from the word go. It plans to go ahead with a longer perspective. But at the same time it is worth pondering that business needs to payback to financers, investors, employees and other stakeholders. Market Goals: The market will be 6-12 yrs old kids. That means we'll have to target the schools, schools administrators and other faculty so that they inform the students about the arrival of a new quality flavoured milk in the market. Market Share: Since we are a new entrant, that means we'll have to be realistic in our approach. We must understand that we'll be able to create the marketing space for our product only when we take good care of the consumer needs and quality. Consumer loyalty: Let us not expect the tiny tots to be our loyal consumers overnight, as they are the one's who are very difficult to divert enblock towards a new product. Their consumption pattern will be affected with the influence of their parents and teachers. Marketing communication and promotional strategies are

Sports equipment Essay Example for Free

Sports equipment Essay In this paper I argue that the globalisation of sport by international sports corporations, the media and sporting celebrities have through advertising altered the sporting landscape by imparting predefined and specific cultural and social meanings to the sports consumer. Abstract: Highly successful professional sports teams attract heavyweight corporate sponsorship deals and wide ranging media coverage that further broadens their supporter base. The subsequent globalisation of sporting clubs allows sports marketers to target sports consumers through media advertising to convey commercial messages and specific cultural meanings. Particular attention is focused on Nike and Manchester United and the precise use of sports celebrities to promote and endorse sporting goods/apparel. The transfer of meaning from the constituted world and sports celebrity to consumer goods and then to the individual consumer is analysed and discussed. Moreover, the social importance and cultural identities given to the consumer by the iconic celebrity sports star constitutes an attractive culture the sports consumer wants to be in possession of. This paper further explores and discusses the role of corporations and their association with advertising in a commercial-cultural nexus and how they are able to sell a way of life to the sports fan. Additionally, the advertising techniques used by corporations to create iconic sports stars and global brands are discussed as to how this effects the consumer and the traditional sporting landscape. Essay: In a culture preoccupied world, people from all walks of life are obsessed with the celebrity. In particular, the celebrity sportsman and sportswoman are amongst the highest profile individuals. Collectively, we are captivated by sport stars’ lifestyles, love lives, earning power and skill. It is from these characteristics that people want to have some form of connection with the sporting celebrity. The globalisation of sport by international sports corporations, advertising corporations, the media and sporting celebrities have created an environment for sports advertising to  flourish as an industry that is intent to monopolise the market with sporting goods and apparel. The direct relationship between the way sports organisations market their goods and how people consume goods is often considered by many commentators to be symbolic sports branding that shapes the desires and actions of consumers. Holt contends that for advertising to work properly a ‘symbiotic relationship’ is essential between the ‘market prerogatives’ and the ‘cultural frameworks’ that consumers acquaint, understand and interact with market offerings (2002, p. 71). With the main focus of globalisation and increased industry profit, sports corporations seek to become ‘cultural engineers’ to organise how people think and feel through celebrity endorsed consumer sports goods (Holt 2002, p. 71). In this paper I argue that all-powerful sports corporations such as Nike and Manchester United use endorsements by sports celebrities with sophisticated advertising techniques. Their objective is to seduce and manipulate consumers into participating in the accumulation of commodities that oversees the indoctrination of culture, values and social identity. Whats more, I will further contend that through the globalisation of sport and the mass production of sports merchandise, sport corporations develop specific meanings and a set of techniques that rationalises consumer culture as a commodity. Also, I assert that sports advertising agencies exploit sports stars and their ‘aura of authenticity’ so that they themselves and their products become cultural icons. The resultant increased role for the sports star into advertising moves the sporting field boundaries that effectively alters the sporting landscape. I further contend that the imbued cultural meaning from sports corporations to the sports consumer by way of celebrity endorsements leads to new variants of sport being played. Nike’s three-a-side soccer competition is used as evidence to support my claim that sports corporations combined with celebrity advertising effectively alters the way some sports are played. Therefore, modifying the cultural sporting landscape. In the end, the rapidly increasing entity of sports globalisation relies on the sports celebrity to sell a way of life to sports fan/consumer via a commercial-cultural nexus. This not only transfers organisational meaning and culture to the consumer but also creates immense wealth for sports corporations, advertising agencies and the sports star. With the realisation of the power associated with television as an advertising medium, it quickly went beyond radio, newspaper and cinema to be the most influential medium of mass communication. The television has provided a round-table for the sporting consumer to develop intimate, visually informed relationships with sporting celebrities (Andrews Jackson, 2001). Considering Andrews Jackson’s common but insightful cliche, ‘the medium is the message’, the television has come to the fore front of advertising with identifiable sports celebrities encouraging the audience (sports consumer) to develop a ‘faux intimacy’ (2001, p. 3). Consequently, advertising on television and in most media forums has become celebrity saturated (Andrews Jackson, 2001). The fostering of sports celebrities as maintained by Andrews Jackson has made it possible for sports corporations to link the culture of the celebrity with consumer capitalism to take advantage of the dual roles occupied by celebrities as both products (commodities) and processes (celebrity endorsement) (2001, p. 4). In doing this, advertising agencies and sports corporations are able to exploit sports consumers. Andrews Jackson (2001) agree with McCracken (1989, 1986) to assert that the optimum goal of advertising agencies and sports corporations is to ensure that celebrities pass on and orchestrate the various facets of a predefined sports culture to foster a ‘highly visible celebrity identity’ that the consumer can recognise and identify with. In a sense, these sports agencies and corporations have carefully coordinated plans of cultural procedures. The growing media technology such as satellite television and the internet has further accelerated the globalisation of sport and with it the growth and expansion of sports corporations. The ever expanding sports corporations are desperate to associate their brands and products with the unique ‘aura of authenticity’ that is found within the celebrity sports star, so that their products are endowed and visualised as cultural icons. Today, global sports events are indelibly associated with wide media coverage that sees the iconic sports celebrity be portrayed as role models and in high regard (Smart, 2007). Importantly, Smart points out the desires and aspirations of consumers to be similar if not the same as their sporting celebrity icons and also claims that global sport is now increasing important to the promotion of commodity consumption (2007, p. 130). As shown, the contemporary landscape of advertising plays an important role in cultural practices and the process of globalisation of sport. As a result, contemporary social life is determined by advertising moreover, it is defined by it (Jackson Andrews, 2004). Additionally, Jackson Andrews (2004) assert that advertising is a key process that connects meaning and language to culture, thereby constituting social identities in specific contexts (2004, p. 7). The significance of celebrity endorsers can be found in their salaries. Jackson Andrews (2004) highlight that sports stars earn more from endorsements that they do from their sporting profession. Studies have documented and as pointed out by Andrews Jackson (2001), endorsing sports celebrities were present in 11 percent of television advertisements during 1995 that received more than US$1 billion dollars. Throughout the second half of the twentieth century the uncontrollable clandestine relationship between television and sport grew to irresistibly influence the meaning and understanding of sport culture that left the end product of sport being media-driven by celebrities for entertainment (Andrews Jackson 2001, p. 7). Today, sports are constructed, mediated, advertised and seen as contests between identifiable and recognisable individuals or teams of individuals (Andrews Jackson, 2001). Andrews Jackson maintain that sports fans that watch and experience sport develop an intimate attachment with these sporting individuals (2001, p. 7). Sports corporations and advertising agencies intentionally take advantage of this developed intimacy to transform sporting events and the sports celebrity into stories with characters consisting of heroes and villains (Andrews Jackson, 2001). Moreover, Andrews Jackson recognise that the constructed personalities of the heroes and villains are integral to sports advertising that create a purposeful contemporary sporting culture (2001, p.7). The sports celebrity occupies and possesses many complex roles such as elite athletes, entertainers, marketable commodities and role models within the global cultural economy (Andrews Jackson 2001, p. 9). In addition, sport has become a highly commercialised and a capitalist culture. The sporting celebrity as described by Andrews Jackson is a commodity of commercial culture that is forcibly imbued with large corporate values and culture thattries to initiate and intensify sports consumers desires, identification and cultural awareness/development (2001, p. 9). As such, the sporting celebrity has become highly ‘systematized’ with expanded institutional boundaries that effectively increases their sporting fields that allows them to operate as ‘cultural and economic agents’ (Andrews Jackson 2001, p. 7). Accordingly, altering the sports field, equates to altering the sporting landscape through advertising and endorsement of products by celebrities. In understanding the importance of celebrities in the midst of sports globalisation, Andrews Jackson assert that celebrities are significant public entities who are responsible for the formation of meaning and ideologies that offer contextually grounded maps for the sports consumer as they endeavour to gain their individualism and identity (2001, p. 1). What’s more, Andrews Jackson note Marshall’s 1997 insightful understanding of the celebrity to be a descriptor incorporating various forms of public individuality including, hero, leader, famous and star from which the celebrity exercises within popular culture (2001, p. 2). Whats more, the dynamism of the complex celebrity indicates that individual celebrities can and frequently do move back and forth between these individual states making them all the more marketable to endorse sporting goods (2001, p. 2). Accordingly, the role of the media to promote sports stars to the status of celebrity is crucial for sports corporations when deciding on particular celebrities to convey their cultural message to the consumer (Andrews Jackson, 2001). In looking at and analysing Michael Jordan as an athlete and a sports celebrity, his greatness is not only confined to the wooden confines of the basketball court. Considered by McDonald Andrews (2001) as the first truly marketable sport celebrity, Jordan has amassed unimaginable marketing conquests. Jordan’s endorsement of Nike sport shoes and apparel have seen him earn unmatchable capital accumulation, US$45 million in 1998 (more money than he received for playing basketball) (McDonald Andrews, 2001). McDonald Andrews further highlight that Nike made in excess in of US$3 billion from sales on the back of Jordan while Gatorade more than doubled its revenue in 1991 to make an impressive US$1. 5 billion (McDonald Andrews, 2001). It can be noted from these statistics that contemporary cultures are constructed by sporting corporations and advertising agencies that allow the personalities, lifestyles and sporting cultures of sports celebrities to encourage sports consumers to ‘be like mike’. Consequently, McDonald Andrews point out that Gatorade increased its market domination of the nutritional sports drink to an 80 percent share (2001, p. 1). As can be seen, sports celebrities have referent power that enables them to influence and develop sporting cultures in consumers. Advertising agencies and sports corporations view this as a valuable advantage to increase the sports cultural economy (McDonald Andrews, 2001). Pointed out by McDonald Andrews, Bob Dorfman from the advertising agency Foote passed comments to suggest that ‘Jordan is such a superhuman talent that everybody aspires to his level of performance†¦Everybody wants to be that good and have that much success’ (2001, p. p24). With Jordan’s amazing skills and talent the Jordan name produced an amazing amount of ‘Jordan Wannabes’ all wearing Jordan branded shoes and apparel (McDonald Andrews 2001, p.24). These ‘Jordan Wannabes’ could be seen playing street basketball trying to ‘be like Mike’ and slam dunk the basketball. This form of street basketball differed in rules and in the way it was played from the original indoor game. Essentially, the street rules basketball transformed the sporting landscape. Consequently, sports consumers with altered and newly developed cultures and values are playing the sport differently on different sporting fields with newly acquired sports apparel to effectively change the sporting landscape. The transference of values from Nike to Jordan to the sports consumer not only imbues an altered culture, but it also allows the sports consumer to create their own individual identity (McCracken, 1989). As such, the consumer is viewed to adopt the values and culture of the sports celebrity to be more in line with Jordan’s own and that of Nike (McDonald Andrews, 2001). Smart (2005) maintains that sport stars are very visible to the public and potential consumers because of their on field skills and the associated media coverage for publicly demonstrating such a high level of talent. These sport stars are subsequently in the sights of advertising agencies and sporting corporations to endorse sporting goods and apparel (Smart, 2005). As a result, the so called sporting star is transformed into a sporting celebrity that at times may or may not be directly linked with their team or their sport. For example, the commercials of Michael Jordan endorsing the ‘Air Jordan’ shoe by jumping to the basket to the sound of jet engines, ‘constituted the beginning of his cultural ascent to iconic status’ (Smart 2005, p. 113). Although the advertisement made no mention of the ‘Air Jordan’ shoes, the image and the subsequent culture of Jordan in the air combined with his cultural on court athleticism, was enough to persuade and influence consumers to make the ‘Air Jordan’ line of shoes the all time best seeling (Smart 2005, p. 113). The globalisation of sport has always been associated with advertising and as highlighted by Jackson et al. (2004), advertising has been defined in many ways due the ever changing nature of advertising. However, Jackson et al.state that advertising has at all times been strategic within the culture and commodification of sports advertising (2004, p. 1). More to the point Jackson et al. (2004) claim that cultural commodities shape one’s experience and identities which parallels Smart’s (2005) claim that sports celebrities are able to influence and persuade consumers. Additionally, Jackson et al. (2004) argues that advertising is at the forefront of the global economy and post-modern promotional culture. Taking this into account, advertising plays a key role in consumer culture and within the culture of representation and identity formation (Jackson et al. 2004, p.2). Moreover, I put forward that advertising has altered the sporting landscape with predefined cultural meanings by way of celebrity endorsements. The eventual transference of cultural meaning from the advertising agency, endorsed by the sports celebrity and passed on to the consumer not only creates individualised identities and cultural meaning for consumers, but also changes the way sports consumers play sport. As highlighted by Ross, in 2002 Nike promoted a ‘three-a-side sudden-death’ soccer tournament ‘in a cage inside an abandoned tanker’ that highlighted the games elite branded player’s skills, talents and marketability (2004a, p.68). Nike exploited the games stars and consumers by focusing on the individual feats of the elite individual stars rather than on a team focus (Ross, 2004a). Additionally, Nike put into full swing three-a-side tournaments all over the world for teenagers. The immense popularity for this variant of the game altered the way the game was played, where the game was played and therefore changed the cultural sporting landscape. There was no mention of the clothing or footwear worn by the sports celebrities depicted in the commercials rather, Nike concentrated on the three-a-side game and its celebrities to transmit and instil Nike’s corporate cultural meanings on the sports fan and potential consumer to purchase Nike merchandise and construct an individual identity. During the globalisation of sport growth years of the early 1990’s, Manchester United in an effort to increase revenue of more than just gate receipts, tried to convert fans into customers thorough the selling of sports merchandise. The end result for Manchester United saw an increase of fans to more than 25 nations, television deals in 135, its own fashion label and three mega stores (Ross 2004b, p, 88). Consequently, the outcome of the globalisation of Manchester United saw it grow from a soccer club to a global brand. Evidence of being such a global brand is in 1992 when Manchester United and Nike decided to release new playing strips that were continually replaced almost every year. Although, the Nike ‘swoosh’ at this stage was indelibly associated with child labour, it did not stop the fans and consumers buying Manchester United sports appeal (Ross, 2004b). Nike and Manchester United through specific advertising with sports celebrities were able impart their morally and aesthetic pleasing culture onto the sports consumer combined with that of the sport celebrities own values and culture. Ross quite rightly points out that there was much public disgust and rage towards Nike for the use of child labour, however, he further claims that because of the silence and possibly even ignorance of the endorsing sports celebrity, Nike and other sports corporations were able to keep the entire celebrity/branding/sweatshop system of the sports goods industry from unravelling (2004b, p. 93). Fundamentally, it is the values and contemporary culture passed on by celebrities that are exploited by sports corporations such as Nike and Adidas that are transmitted and passed onto the consumer (Ross, 2004b). These imposed values and cultures that the sports consumer takes on allows for individual identities to be seen and heard along with their new culture. Smart formulates the globalisation of sport with consumer culture to suggest that ‘the development of modern sport is bound up with processes of economic and cultural transformation associated with the global diffusion of capitalist forms of consumption’ (2007, p.113). Similarly, the chairman of Nike parallels Smart’s assertions by stating that ‘sport was at the hart of contemporary culture and increasingly defined the culture of the world’ (Smart 2007, p. 114). It is not without reason to put forward that professional sport, the media and corporate sponsorship are all linked together to forge massive profit on the backs of sports celebrities and their endorsement of merchandise. More accurately, Smart refers to this as the ‘golden triangle’ that results with sport being directly coupled with advertising and celebrity endorsements (2007, p.114). Such a link between the sports celebrity, advertising and sport itself highlights the importance of globalisation of sport plays in the economy of the consumer, sports corporations, advertising agencies and the various forms of the media. To be more precise, the globalisation of sport is closely linked with the ‘economic interests and the promotion of consumer culture’ (Smart 2007, p. 114). Sport poses a popular culture appeal and a sense of realism that sporting corporations aim to exploit to increase consumer capital accumulation. The global brands of sports clubs and celebrities combined with global marketing and the promotion of sports merchandise with ‘iconic celebrity sporting figures’ only further contributes to the growth of the supporter and consumer cultures (Smart 2007, p. 114). One of the main purposes for making certain sports and sports organisations global is to make and increase profits. The increased level in spectators and consumers attracts media and advertising interest that further increases the demand for sports equipment and specialised sports clothing that is unashamedly endorsed by sporting celebrities. The large economic growth experienced by sporting corporations innately constructs cultural global sports brands that the fanatical sports fan can identify with and desires (Smart, 2007). For example, Nike’s ‘Air Jordan’ line of shoes endorsed by Jordan himself transformed Nike’s profile, basketball itself and the nature of sports representation that consequently altered the culture of the consumer and the sporting landscape (Smart 2007; McCracken 1989). Smart (2007) points out that sports corporations predicted and understood the effects of globalising sport and the endorsement by sporting celebrities would only increase their revenue. Therefore, is easy to make the assumption that this understanding can be equated to McCracken’s (1986, 1989) theories that symbolic properties and cultural meanings possessed by the celebrity endorser and those of the constituted world are transferred to the consumer goods and then passed onto the consumer. This results in new identities for consumers as well as new or modified cultures. Potentially, the newly formed cultures can change the sporting landscape and place by way of altering the attire worn by participants and also by changing the way the game is played. For instance, backyard or even beach cricket is not played on the traditional field nor do the participants wear traditional attire for cricket. It can be said that these participants are influenced by sporting corporations to buy specialised sporting equipment (plastic bats and stumps) and clothing (celebrity endorsed clothing) that is clearly an action of acculturation brought on by sporting corporations and advertising agencies. Rather than one singular cultural identity constructed from the globalisation of sport there are many and varied cultures. Similarly noted by Mitchell, the cultural sporting landscape becomes quite complex with the introduction of different cultures (2000, p. 28). Moreover, Mitchell adds that the ‘morphology of landscape’ constantly creates and recreates the places and landscapes where people play sport (2000, p. 28). This is echoed through the culture of consumer capitalism and the accumulation of sporting goods and apparel. Hence, the modified clothes and sporting equipment endorsed by the culturally endowed sporting celebrity permits the transfer of cultural meaning and symbolic properties to the consumer (McCracken, 1989). Bertilsson (2007) has the same opinion that sporting celebrities fashion culture and meaning to the consumer to emphasises the value and meaning channelled into brands (2007, p. 2). Pettigrew puts forward that, sport by its physical nature is a form of consumption that is able to provide ‘insight into the role of consumption in human social life’ such as sports advertising and the accumulation of sports consumer goods (2001, p. 1). What’s more, Pettigrew (2001) contests that the consumption of sport including sports advertising and consumer accumulation of sporting merchandise attributes to individual lifestyles and social networks. Moreover, the globalisation and ‘marketisation’ of sport has made sport extremely commercialised that places the sports consumer and fan at a disadvantage because of the over exposure of celebrity sporting endorsements that effectively mould and shape ones social life and culture (Pettigrew 2001, p. 2). Many commentators including Pettigrew (2001) consider sport to be vital to culture and as such, sport has been directly associated with the development of self-identity due to the active lifestyles of people following and participating in sport. For that reason, the promotion of sports merchandise by sports celebrities are able to create social interactions (aided by culturally effective advertising themes), with the sports consumer (Pettigrew, 2001). Such employment of sporting themes and sporting celebrities in advertisements facilitates social interaction that portrays an appropriate context for product consumption that allows for self awareness and identity development to take place for the sports consumer. Importantly, advertising agencies identify the potential social interactions and use sporting celebrities to convey precise emotions, values and culture that represent the needs and desires of sports consumers. For example, the Nike brand has become so trusted, consumers are willing to pay top money for what they believe and determine to be superior quality, style and reliability (East, 1998). Nike through its ‘Just Do It’ advertisements with their many celebrity endorsers was able to influence vast amounts of sporting and non-sporting consumers to purchase their footwear. East points out that 80 percent of the running shoes sold in the US were in fact never used for the intended sporting activities that they were designed to do, thus effectively changing the sporting landscape and sporting culture (1998, p. 2). The iconic status Nike was able to develop for itself tended to focus not on the products it was advertising but rather on the celebrity wearing the product (East, 1998). Through its celebrities, Nike was able to articulate to its consumers that Nike products were cool (East, p. 2). East (1998) suggests that the success of Nike’s campaign is attributable to portraying a culture of quality. Moreover, East states that Nike was able to reassure its customers on quality and perfection by using the following sport stars: Bo Jackson, John McEnroe and Michael Jordan (2001, p. 2). For instance, East suggests that celebrity endorsements appeal to consumers sense of belonging and ‘hipnes’ that led to the prophecy ‘if you want to be hip, wear Nike; if you are hip, you are probably wearing Nike’ (East 1998, p. 2). Nike’s sporting celebrities were able to impart desirability into owing Nike shoes that not only changed the sporting landscape but it also developed new cultures based on sports corporations and advertising agencies values. Advertising plays an integrating role in cultural practices and the process of globalisation (Jackson et al. , 2004). Advertisements of sport generally contain some form of sports setting, imagery and celebrities to promote sports clothing, sports video games and sports equipment that contributes to the development of the globalised culture of commodification and consumption (Hilliard, 2005). In addition, Hilliard (2005) asserts that sports’ advertising encompasses economy, politics and the media. Furthermore, he notes that sports corporations by way of their association with sport sell ‘a way of life based on consumption’ by means of sports celebrity endorsements (2005, p. 4). The use of sports imagery is essential for sports advertising to target specific product categories such as clothing lines and video games. Advertising agencies generally use specific techniques to persuade the intended meaning of sport to ‘rub off’ on their merchandise: Firstly, celebrity athletes are presented in ‘non-threatening’ relationships so as to connect with the intended audience; Secondly, advertisers represent ‘sport as a site for hedonistic consumption’; Thirdly, advertisers continually make reference to sports cliches and slogans that are generally disseminated broadly within the national or territorial culture; and lastly, sporting corporations sponsor sport so as to receive the ‘official sponsor’ tag that appears beside the actual sport logo (Hilliard 2005, p.33). Additionally, the recognition and star appeal of the virtual super-human athletic feats of sports celebrities are captured and transposed into the form of video and arcade games. As suggested by Hilliard, the advertising of sports video games may feed into the culture of sports fans of not participating in sport and thus, altering and transforming the sporting field/landscape from outdoors to the lounge room and subsequent TV (Hilliard, 2005). In conclusion, the globalisation of sport occupies an important part in the economy for the consumer, sports corporations, advertising agencies and the media. The ‘golden triangle’ as described by Smart (2007) illustrates the tactics sports corporations and advertising agencies use to exploit the consumer through intelligent marketing strategies and celebrity endorsements. The resultant symbolic sports branding not only shapes the desires and actions of the sports consumer but also transforms consumer culture and the sporting landscape. Furthermore, the globalisation of sport has seen it loose its playful character while its traditional playing field has been extended by the celebrity sports star to be a global media spectacle with a sizeable financial economy. Advertising as stated by McCracken, is the ‘conduit through which meaning constantly pours from the culturally constituted world to consumer goods’ that allows sports celebrities to become idolised and seen as role models (1989, p. 6). It is from these attributes that sport celebrities and advertising agencies are able promote sports merchandise using the sporting celebrity’s lifestyle and sporting culture to influence and develop sporting cultures in consumers. What’s more, the ‘golden triangle’ has altered the sporting landscape with predefined cultural meanings on the back of celebrity endorsements. The advertising technique of not mentioning the actual product but rather concentrating on the sports star and the actions of the sports star indelibly creates sporting icons and cultural meaning for the sports fan/consumer. Such exploitation by sports corporations allows them to focus on changing popular sports in both rules and the playing field so that the sports consumer will be subdued and manipulated into the capitalist consumption of sports goods that governs the indoctrination of culture, values and social identity. Moreover, the imbued culture and status of wearing and being seen in a particular sports brand combined with the endorsement by celebrities creates a level of trust for consumers. It is this built up trust that consumers are willing to pay top dollar for what they believe is superior quality and reliability, although, in some instances child labour may have been used. The ‘aura of authenticity’ of sports stars helps sporting corporations to achieve significant profit margins and significant wealth for themselves that further contributes to the globalised culture of commodification and consumption of sport. The immense wealth created by the globalisation of sport for sports corporations, advertising agencies and the sports star has seen sport become a highly capitalist culture. Noting this, sport and sports advertising is vital to the development of consumer identity, lifestyles and social acceptance from the accumulation of sports merchandise and also participating in sport. The unambiguous celebrity advertising techniques allow sports corporations such as Nike and Manchester United to create and sell a way of life based on consumer consumption to generate meaning, culture and identity for the consumer that can potentially change the sporting landscape at the same time. Bibliography: Andrews, DL Jackson, SJ 2001, ‘Sport Stars: The Cultural Politics of Sporting Celebrity’, in Andrews, DL Jackson, SJ (ed. ), Introduction: sport celebrities, public culture, and private experience, Routledge, London, pp. 1-19. Bertilsson, J 2007, The Enculturation of Young Consumers, Proceedings of the Nordic Consumer Policy Research Conference 2007, viewed 13 May 2008, . East, S 1998.

Philip Randolph in civil right movement Essay Example for Free

Philip Randolph in civil right movement Essay Asa Philip Randolph is well known for organizing labor power as well as for leading civil rights movement. 1889 born Randolph was an ardent spokesperson of non violent activism against the American racism which led the improvement of the position of blacks in 20th centaury. He firmly believed that the black progress could be achieved through black working class. He always raised the voice for social justice which paved the way to his political activism. From the college days, he began his mission. When he was in college, he started an employment agency with fellow student Chandler Owen, for those blacks who arrived in New York from South. After graduation, with the influence of W. E. B. Du Bois The Souls of Black Folk, Randolph joined the socialist party and started addressing the crowd about socialism and importance of militant class consciousness. In 1917 he published the first issue of the magazine â€Å"messenger’ which was later termed as one of the most brilliantly edited magazines in the history of American Negro journalism. In 1925, he formed an organization of Brotherhood of sleeping car porters in the wake of refusal of membership of blacks by American Federation Labor . The organization was consisting of those black porters worked for Pullman Company. The Pullman an employer of blacks denied the organization of the blacks in earlier period. There was a case of firing the employees who marched for wage increase and improve working conditions. Randolph as the president of Brotherhood of sleeping car porters laid down a unrelenting and dignified negotiation meetings with Pullman authorities which led the sanction of the first union of black, Brotherhood of sleeping car porters and subsequent wage increase of $2 miilion. Moreover Randolph could achieve a contract of railroad with this particular company in 1937. Randolph moved forward with the motto of complete equality and economic opportunity for blacks’ . He explained his activities as the idea of separatism is harkening to the past and it is undesirable even if it could be realized, because the progess of mankind has been based upon contact and association, upon social, intellectual and cultural contact. (Ebony magazine, 1970)(1) A year after the successful negation with Pullman co. Randolph initiated an action to end the employment discrimination against blacks in the federal government . He put pressure on the President Franklin D. Roosewelt in this matter. Moreover he analyzed the recruitment process of US military for World War II to put an end to racial discrimination. Since all the efforts regarding federal and military hiring turned in vain, he carried out the famous 1941 march to Washington with 50thousand blacks. Consequently Roosevelt issued an order banning discrimination in the defense ministry. Even though the committee established for improving the condition of the blacks, it could not meet the effective means of enacting it. The racial equality had continuously been violated. This pulled Randolph to move ahead with his civil right movement. He founded the League for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience against Military Segregation. He warned the Congressional committee that the black and white youth would be insisted to boycott the military if the condition of racial inequality mitigated. . The march on Washington went on. In 1942, at Detroit conference he called for the strategy and tactics of the people of India with mass civil disobedience and non-cooperation. In 1943, he insisted the delegates to adopt the policy of non-violent good-will direct action. He challenged President Harry Truman to take an effective action in this regard. Finally Truman issued another order to desegregate the military. In 1950’s and 1960’s also Randolph was actively participated in civil rights movement against the racial discrimination. Through march on Washington movement and the civil disobedience movement to end the segregation in military ,Randolph insisted the new generation of civil right activists that the violent protests are no longer a suitable way to attain the goal. It never mobilizes the public pressure. The movement recognized him by referring the chair of the March on Washington in which Martin Luther King Jr. rendered his famous I Have a Dream speech. In 1955, Randolph was elected as a vice president of the AFL-CIO. Asa Philip Randolph was a notable reformer. His vision and commitment is always inspiration for the young generation. Nobody can deny the fact that Randolph’s firm and peaceful strategic ideas are the major factor which ultimately led success of his mission.

Impacts Of Globalisation On The Economy Politics Essay

Impacts Of Globalisation On The Economy Politics Essay Globalization is driven by a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural, political, and biological factors, integrating worldwide government policies and financial markets through trade and exchange of ideas. Several Factors has fuelled the pace of globalisation; technology, especially communications technology, transportation, deregulation and liberalisation of economic policies, free trade, removal of capital exchange controls, change in consumer awareness and wants and emerging markets in developing countries (MOHAMMED). The world is undergoing a continual transitional process as numerous people, societies, institutions and organisations of varying interests across the globe partake in this expansion. (Mohammed R). Also, whilst economic, social, political and cultural systems across societies become increasingly interdependent and complex, the old world order of managing economies and international relations is being rendered inadequate (Mohamed R). In this transitional flux, the future of the world society appears far from stable (Wallerstein). (i)Economy The ever growing dependence between global economies resulting from international trade of goods, services, finances and technological development paved the way for a global economy. Economic globalisation refers to the continual growth and reciprocated integration of world markets and is an unalterable trend which has been developing at an unprecedented rate since the turn of the twentieth century. Rapid technological development, particularly in areas of information and communication, are the two main forces that have fuelled economic globalisation (Gao). Further the expansion of science and technology has substantially reduced the cost of transportation and communication, making economic globalisation a smoother process (Gao). Centralised economies shifted focus to market economies and market oriented reform through world bodies like GATT, WTO, IMF and World Bank galvanised this process. Many countries have steadily reduced their tariff and other blockades whilst implement flexibl e financial policies (Gao). The development of the financial sector to serve the needs of international trade and investment actions has come to be the most influential aspect of economic globalisation. As the main ambassadors of globalisation, Multinational Corporations (MNC), like McDonald, Coca Cola and Levi amongst others are organising production and allocating resources worldwide with a view to maximising profit. Their global developments are altering and restructuring macro-economic systems across global economies.(Gao) The expansion of economic globalisation also resulted in the reshaping and restructuring of global industrial structures and activities. In recent years, developed western countries and the US, whilst taking advantage of the knowledge economy, have shifted many of their labour intensive industries with poor global competitiveness, to developing countries. Conversely, due to the existence of productivity surplus since the dismantling of the Soviet Union, international competition has intensified amongst enterprises from different countries. In order to leverage their international competitiveness, enterprises are resorting to swift mergers and acquisitions, resulting in a wave of industrial reorganization. Similarly, developed countries, taking advantage of the low wage structure in developing nations, set up factories there. However, if the labour laws are altered or stricter rules introduced to govern the manufacturing process, then these factories are closed down and relocated to o ther countries with more favourable policies.(shanta Sharma). With better access to technology and liberalising of policies, developed countries are capable of producing higher quality goods at lower prices. This gives them the advantage of favourable balance of trade and thus a greater control over global financial resources and wider markets. As the biggest benefactors of economic globalisation, the United States and other Western countries have wielded considerable economic and cultural power by taking advantage of their control over international economic and financial organisations to encourage and determine the development of globalisation.(Wallerstein) Developing countries have been playing a central role in the process of economic globalisation and this is mirrored in the fact that they establish the regulations for international economic exchanges. Whilst the globalisation process has enabled developing economies to strengthen their market position by, initiating better technologies, introducing foreign capital and management experience, they also face enormous risks. Several reports indicate that globalisation has increased rather than reduced the gap between the developed and developing countries. Secondly, these countries also face the threat of being unfavourably impacted by external factors. Under open market situations, the difference between the realisation of outside economic stability and internal economic stability puts a substantial limit on their macro-economies, weakening their control and regulation.(Gao) According to a recent United Nations Development Report (1996), whilst globalisation has been a catalyst in reducing poverty and enhancing the quality of life worldwide, for e.g. since the 1970s significant developments in China and India have played a major role in reduction of world poverty, the fact remains that economic growth is not balanced across the globe.(Shanta Sharma) The world today is so interconnected that the collapse of the subprime mortgage market in the U.S. has led to a global financial crisis and recession on a scale not seen since the Great Depression. Government deregulation and failed regulation of Wall Streets investment banks were important contributors to the crises.(Shanta Sharma) Globalisation in itself cannot bring about an equitable and rational new international economic order and an expansion in which developing countries are unable to evade the boomerang effects of globalisation or fully enjoy its benefits. (Wallerstein). (ii) Social As a consequence of the continual process of globalisation a diverse world in transition is surfacing, with significant de-localisation in social and economic changes (Mohamed R). Its one where change in socio-economic conditions is rendered by impersonal, non-institutional and non-ideological forces. Whilst the last quarter of the twentieth century has seen significant increase in communications, there is considerable decrease in person to person contact (Mohamed R). Many of the activities that involved face to face dealings are now conducted over larger distances. Activities and dealings have been displaced from local origins and cultures increasingly causing people to deal with distant systems. Banking and retailing for instance have implemented new technologies that entail less person to person interaction..(infed globalization) As a social and cultural process, globalization is increasingly exposing people to different ways of thinking, cultural values and family norms. (Jorg Grahm). Globalization is a phenomenon created through human activity and that in turn constantly changes human behavior and activity and has helped shape online communities. This has led to the evolution of new identities for people and a new phase of acculturation; new ideas, new methods of work, life and governance are being shared worldwide. Now more than ever, not only societal, but intra-familial issues are also being influenced by globalization (Jorg Graham). Globalizations most profound effect is on changing gender roles and the empowerment of women. Global proliferation of communication carries ideas and currents across continents, sensitizing people in remote areas to similar agendas and promoting mutual programs, promoting greater social justice and equality. One such example is the global campaign against brand names that exploit child labor. Whilst universal equality was the fundamental social and cultural value of traditional internationalism, contemporary globalizations only commitment is in perfecting the market it turns, including all cultural products into commodities. Whilst selling is universal, production is always local. In a social context, the basic ideology of globalization is not equality, but difference. Globalization unites the markets and divides individuals, as humans can be best used for purposes of global marketing if they act as individual consumers (shanta Sharma). Religion, region, language, caste, nationality and ethnicity are used to dismantle working class solidarities or to prevent them from emerging at the work place or residential communities. (Shanta Sharma). Whilst the current social order pretends to be an active one, increasingly headed towards a growing similarity of living conditions in all countries, it cannot counteract the fact that several thousands are still deprived of the basic ne cessities of a decent life. Racial unrest in Europe today is also a direct result of unrestricted legal and illegal immigration of people of different values, particularly those from North Africa and Asia. Whilst immigration has caused a sense of loss of their identity, they refuse to integrate into the host society to hold on to their allegiances. (Maddock) (iii) Cultural Cultural globalization refers to an increase in the exchange of cultural practices between countries and peoples involving the movement of ideas, information, images and people. Although practiced for thousands of years, economic and political globalization has contributed to a spurt in cultural globalization in recent decades. Giant strides in technology and communications, particularly the internet has been the single most important factor in breaking cultural boundaries across the globe facilitating immediate communication between people of varying lifestyles and cultures.(infed) . Additionally, new technologies and their utilization like commercial air travel, satellite television and mass communications and the internet have created a world where billions now consume and share identical cultural products sports, music, lifestyles, languages, entertainment as not evidenced before, determining a new global culture(Fabian global forum global know- gloablisation). In recent decades, there is a growing shift in power away from the nation state toward multinational corporations with the rise and globalization of brands like Coca Cola and McDonald. Employing a market strategy to establish their brands as an essential part of the way people see themselves they have captured a large global market, particularly the younger generation.(infed). With rapid strides in technology and communication, a new modern wave is emerging from the West and America; something that is defined as a popular culture. This new cultural globalization has easily transcended borders, reaching poor and rich countries alike, making no distinction. In developing countries it can be witnessed in a western style of dressing, use of cellular phones and popular usage of the English language among other things, bring about deep-seated changes in conventional local cultures, values and traditions (Louis de Lamare) Rising as a tributary to economic globalization, cultural globalization is slowly replacing the traditional nation-state and homogenizing cultures and conversely a loss of individual, national and ethnic cultural identities. Whilst cultural globalization can be a profoundly enriching process, opening minds to new ideas, experiences and strengthening the finest universal values of humanity, it also brings intrusions into the local norms, cultures and traditions of individual countries. Many cultures, particularly indigenous people, treasure their culture as their richest heritage, without which they have no roots or soul. Their culture cannot be quantified. (Levin). Many believe that such rampant exposure to foreign culture is undermining their own cultural identity. Whilst capitalism favors a fast paced environment and consumer culture, its a matter of conflict for other socialist societies are used to a different lifestyle and want to preserve their traditions.(lous Lamare) . Violen t reactions against the West by elements within Islamic society can be seen in this light.(Levin). Asian values are described as those embodying the ideals of respect, hard word, thrift and the belief of the importance of the community over the individual. These are coupled with preferences for economic, social and cultural rights, rather than political ones..(Mohamed R) In doing so, they have been able to protect and nurture their traditions in the face of utilitarian modernity, slack morals and globalization (Mohamed R) Another dimension to the negative aspects of cultural globalization is the imposing of one nations culture on another. The early 1990s attempts by the United States to dolphin ban sanctions against Mexico lead to heated governmental confrontations between the two countries. The issue was not that dolphins were endangered or even threatened species, but simply American cultural mores against the killing of these animals. The Japanese whaling issue has also come under a similar cultural scanner.(Levin) Conversely, many researchers also believe that globalization has a positive impact on the homogenizing effect of national cultures. Large television networks in India have given people a wider exposure and understanding of cultures in their own nation, reaffirming their own local traditions. (iv) Political Political globalization refers to an increasing trend toward multilateralism, in which the United Nations plays a key role, toward an emerging transnational state, and toward the emergence of national and international nongovernmental organizations that act as guardians over governments. Far reaching political changes have arisen from increased economic and social globalization, with developing or newly developed economics becoming even more dependent on the activities of developed economies such as the US where there is a centralization of capital and technical expertise.(Mohamed R) . The policies of national governments in capitalist countries are mainly determined by two important dynamics: the first is the state of the national process of capital accumulation and its relative international strength; the second is the balance of class forces both nationally and internationally.(Mohamed R) As a result, globalization has reduced of power of national governments to direct and influence their economies. Shift in economic activities in Japan or US are impacted all over the globe. The internationalization of financial markets, of technology and of some manufacturing and services bring with them a new set of limitations upon the freedom of action of nation states.(Mohamed R). To survive this market drive political globalization, it is deemed necessary for governments to handle the pressures of trans-national market forces as well as domestic economies. Whilst the influence of the nation states may have diminished as a part of the globalization process, it has not all together disappeared. The nation state remains as pivotal institution in creating conditions for effective national governance (Mohamed R). On a political map, whilst national boundaries are well demarcated, those indicating financial and industrial activity have largely overlapped or disappeared. Globalization has undermined the nation state, not only by shrinking resources under the national control for shaping economic and social outcomes, but it has reduced government legitimacy and control in the eyes of the public. (Mohamed R). The decline in national power and sovereignty in globalization is attributable to two important factors. One reflects the magnitude and velocity of international economic exchanges eroding the states capabilities and the other is the extent to which market relations across borders is diminishing the citizens attachment to national authority, reducing the states legitimacy. Citizens increasingly understand the relative economic strengths and weakness of their countries as products of specific national political arrangements and of different national cultures and not as the result of diverse national advantages. Contemporary politics in developed nations shows an increasing distrust of elected representatives. Unregulated flow of capital, labor, information from outside their country, resulting in unemployment delocalization of industry, immigrants, infiltration of undesirable material through the net are all attributed to poor government policies in allowing such lapses. Paradoxically , this one outcome of globalization is assisting governments to refocus political attention on the role of the state on the boundaries of national territory. In many advanced countries a new political camp has emerged to reinforce national control at the frontiers. (Mohamed R). Conclusion Globalisation involves the diffusion of ideas, practices and technologies and the increase of worldwide social relations which link distant localities, significantly impacting on the economic, social, cultural and political dimensions of nations and its peoples. Globalization, however, is not a new phenomenon. It has existed in at various levels since the development of agriculture (Mohamed R). While it saw a spurt in the late nineteenth century, it slowed down during the period from the First World War until the third quarter of the twentieth century (Shanta Sharma). This slowdown can be attributed to the inward-looking policies pursued by a number of countries in order to protect their respective industries. However, it was with the dismantling of the Soviet Union and destruction of the Berlin Wall that contemporary globalisation commenced, giving rise to a transitional world society. The recent recession has seen corporations and institutions from developed nations moving their focus to developing countries, particularly in the East. Cheap labour, relaxed industrial norms and the capacity to shift base at short notice to countries with more favourable policies have all significantly impacted on economic globalisation. The import of raw materials from developing nations is another advantage. Multinational corporations have shifted power away from the nation state with their brand globalization. However, whilst research does indicate that globalisation has been able to alleviate global poverty, it has in many respects deepened the gap between the rich and poor nations. Economic globalisation has brought in its wake significant and far reaching changes in socio-cultural activities as well as politics. With an increase in the exchange of cultural practices, attributable largely to the internet, there is on one hand a homogenization of cultures and the transgression and loss of national ethnicity and cultures. Further, globalization has undermined the nation state, not only by shrinking resources under the national control for shaping economic and social outcomes, but it by reducing governmental legitimacy. There is an increasing trend toward multilateralism, in which the United Nations plays a main part, toward an emerging transnational state. In this constant state of flux, it is difficult to say whether an equilibrium state of world society can be achieved.

Cellular Reproduction Essay -- Biology

Cellular Reproduction Cellular Reproduction is the process by which all living things produce new organisms similar or identical to themselves. This is essential in that if a species were not able to reproduce, that species would quickly become extinct. Always, reproduction consists of a basic pattern: the conversion by a parent organism of raw materials into offspring or cells that will later develop into offspring. (Encarta, 2) In almost all animal organisms, reproduction occurs during or after the period of maximum growth. (Fichter, 16). But in Plants, which continue to grow through out their lifetime, therefore making the process more complex. Plants' reproduction is usually caused by a stimulant, mostly environmental or growth factors. The reproductive process, whether asexual or sexual always involves an exchange in hereditary material from the parent(s) so that the new organism may also be able to reproduce. Reproductive processes can be categorized in many diffrent ways although the most common is to put them into either asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is the process by which a single organism gives rise to two or more daughter cells. Most single celled organisms reproduce by the asexual process known as fission, which is commonly called mitosis. Fission (or Mitosis) is the division of one cell into two identical daughter cells. Interphase, the first phase of the cell cycle and also the phase before mitosis, starts as soon as the cell is born. Interphase is broken up into three phases, G1, S, and G2. During the G1 phase, the cell increases in mass except for the chromosomes, which stay the same, uncoiled. Protein synthesis is also occurring rapidly in this phase. If a cell doesn't divide further, it remains permanently in the G1 phase. Next is the S phase, in which the mass of the cell continues to increase, and DNA is duplicated, and then the chromosomes divide to form identical sister chromatids attached by a centromere. (Harold, 45). During the G2 phase of Interphase, the cell becomes double its mass at birth, the chromosomes begin to shorten and coil, and the centrioles appear, the cell is now ready to enter into mitosis. In the first and longest phase of mitosis, prophase, the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles split in half and then move to opposite sides of th... ...on’t seperate correctly. This is called nondisjunction. There are three types of nondisjunction, Trisomy- when a gamete with an extra chromosome is fertiized with a normal gamete. Monosomy- when a gamete with one chromosome is missing and is then fertilized by normal gamete. And Trioloidy- where both zygotes have an extra chromosome. Reproduction is as essential to a species as food, water, or shelter. If a species cannot reproduce anymore, that species will eventually become extinct. There are many means of reproduction but primarily only two: asexual and sexual. In asexual reproduction, One organism gives a part or its whole self, in order to give rise to two or more new organisms. During sexual reproduction, two parents each form sex cells, which unite, and eventually form a new individual. Works cited Biggs, Alton & others. Biology: The Dynamics of Life. Glencoe McGraw-Hill.: New York, NY, 2000 Encarta Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. 1998 Fichter, Sheila. Reproduction. Universal Press: Columbus, OH, 1994 Harold, Christopher. Cells: A Guided Tour. Simon and Schuster: New York, NY, 1987 O’Neil, Franklin. Cells. McMeel Publishing, Inc.: Atlanta, GA, 1990

Short Wedding Toasts to the Bride and Groom :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Short Wedding Toasts to the Bride and Groom Nature of Love All beings by nature are lovers, as ice by nature is water. The love shared by one couple is powerful enough to unite heaven and earth. May God grant you two many years to live, for earth has few angels. Peace and Plenty May peace and plenty be the first To lift the latch to your door, May happiness be guided to your home. Walk in Love Walk in love, sit in love, live in love. To be in love is to truly live. Your Eye The eye with which you see your wife is the same eye with which your wife sees You. Love Each Fragment If you seek love in each separate fragment of your relationship, you will be overwhelmed by the totality. Who Are You ? Find out who you are as a couple. Then all else will be known. The Desire of God In the desire of God to know his own beauty, you exist. Worldly Power Worldly possessions and power means little. The unsayable, jeweled private life you develop as a couple, means much. Perfect Love When a relationship is perfectly balanced, perfect love can be realized. Psalm 1 (8th century BC) Blessed are they who delight in the way things are, and keep their hearts open day and night. Love Gives Life Love gives life to all the world. Love gives strength and wisdom. May you two walk in beauty, and may your eyes behold many a red and purple sunset. May your ears hear the true voice of your partner. My you be wise so that you may understand what is truly important in life. My you remain calm and strong in the face of all that comes towards you. My you learn the lessons hidden in every leaf and rock. My you seek pure thoughts and act with the intention of helping others. My you find compassion without allowing empathy to overwhelm you. My you seek strength, not to be greater than others, but to fight for the week. My you two always greet each other with clean hands and straight eyes. So when life fades, as the fading sunset, your spirits may continue without shame. May You Be Poor! May you be poor in misfortune, Rich in blessings, Slow to make enemies, And quick to make friends. But rich or poor, quick or slow, May you two know nothing but happiness From this day forward. Let’s all toast this beautiful couple! A Long Life Together A toast to your coffin. May it be made of 100 year old oak.

Intellectual Property :: Intellectual Property Research Papers

Intellectual Property Globalization of the economy is helping companies to reduce product costs but is also creating a new set of challenges and issues. Managing intellectual property on a international landscape is tricky and the differences in the approach to patents between China, Europe and U.S. are profound. This paper focus and list some of the issues and differences on Intellectual Property between U.S. and Europe. The differences are analyzed from a business and ethical point of view. The paper end looking at the growing trend of open source. What is the ethical and moral motivation? International IP landscape The international Intellectual Property landscape is quite tricky and complex, but few important guidelines can help avoiding trouble and maximize the return. Most patents litigation cases are an attempt to position the companies in the market. Knowing the rules for getting and enforcing patents is important, an in most cases it is different from place to place. Although the globalization of the economy and exchange of goods has increase in the last decade, the international patent system is far from being operational. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was created to help creating an international legal framework for patents. To obtain a large coverage you still need to applied separate applications to 180 countries. This is both cost and time consuming and the validity is sometimes uncertain. Most company do file in different countries in Europe, Asia and North America. This is done as a result of a cost benefit analysis, based on the fact that targeting the right market lead to significant benefits related to operating in a larger market, and opportunity to negotiate patent licenses from other company in the same or different market. A important aspect, not considered most of the time, is the cost associated with the maintenance of the patent. This result in a continuously reevaluation of the IP portfolio. To help simplifying the file of patents, 123 countries signed the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). Filing a international patent with a PCT member offer up to 30 months to the company to file with other members. Certain processing is done centrally and there is a single application. The other benefit is the delay in recording the filing expenses that helps startup companies to reach the point when revenues are generated. This is becoming quickly the best practice, generating more that 114,000 applications in 2003. Despite differences in the handling and enforcing of patents across countries, in general, it is agreed that a invention must be novel, must be new, it must be non obvious and it must have some utility.

Advanced practice nurse role within palliative care Essay

The purpose of this assignment is to compare and contrast the current literature related to advanced nursing practice. And to relate this literature to my practice and the role of the palliative care nurse across clinical settings. In my current role as a pain nurse specialist, I am involved in the care and management of patients with intrathecal (IT) catheters mainly for patients with intractable cancer pain. Patients who have been tried and failed on escalating doses of various opiates, and continue to have unsatisfactory pain management with intolerable side effects are often referred to our service for consideration for an intrathecal catheter. Intrathecal catheters have been used for many years now in effort to target the specific pain pathways within the spinal cord, as the medication is delivered directly into the Central nervous system, only small doses are required, and therefore patients experience less side effects, with improved pain control (Myers, J. Chan, V., Jarvis, V., Walker-Dilks, C., 2010). The majority of these patients are approaching the end stages of their disease process, therefore we work quite closely with the hospital Palliative care service when the patient in an inpatient. However post discharge we visit the patients weekly in their own homes, this often involves working at an advanced nursing level, working autonomously, assessing the patient and titrating medication via their IT pump, with some direction from the doctor at Auckland hospital. However this role also involves providing the patient and their family with an element of palliative care also, they often require additional emotional support at this stage. In 2002 the World health organization (WHO) defined palliative care as † An approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing he problems associated with life threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual.† Advanced nursing practice refers to nurses working at an expanded level of practice within a specialized area. Advanced practice is generally defined as the integration of practical knowledge, clinical experience, theoretical knowledge and research base, education, and may involve organization leadership (ANA, 1995). The term advanced practice has been given to various roles within nursing, such as Clinical nurse specialists (CNS), nurse practitioners (NP’s) and other specialized roles within nursing, such as the anaesthetic nurse (Davies, Hughes, 1995). The literature related to advanced nursing practice and palliative care was reviewed using online databases, such as Medline, Ovid, Pubmed and the Cumulative index for nursing and allied health literature (CINAHL). Key words used in the search, were ‘advanced practice nursing’, ‘Clinical nurse specialist’, ‘nurse practitioner’, ‘palliative care’ and ‘nurse prescribing†. After reviewing the literature, three articles were selected, and will be summarized below. Article one In 2004 Aigner et al did a comparative study of nursing resident outcomes between care provided by NP/Physicians, compared to Physicians only. The study was based in Texas, USA. The main objective of the study was to determine how the standard of care for nursing homes residents compares when provided by either NP/Physician, or physician only. Eight nursing homes were evaluated, and two hundred and three residents were randomly blinded. Chi-squared tests were used for comparison for the data analysis. Four outcomes were selected to assess the quality of the care provided by the two groups, they were, patients charts were retrospectively reviewed and the following outcome assessed- Number of presentations to the emergency department (ED), the cost of the visit, and the diagnosis. Number of hospital admissions in general, and the cost of being admitted to hospital. The number of acute visits and diagnoses for that visit. The completion of progress notes, patient histories and assessments. Also the average number of medications used by each subject and the number of telephone calls and / or beeps relayed to the nurse practitioner, was collated. Comparisons were also made between the two groups regarding, diagnosis made during acute visits compared to during hospital admissions, and the comparison between the cost of recurrent admissions versus hospitalization (Aigner, M., Drew, S., Phipps, J., 2004). The results overall did not show a significant difference of care provided by either the NP/physician group compared to the physician only group. No decrease was found in the amount of ED presentations and the costs were approximately the same. There was however a significant difference in the amount of acute visits made by the NP/Physician group , which was likely related to an increase presence of the NP in the nursing homes (P If a similar study was to be conducted again, it would interesting to explore patient satisfaction between the two groups, and the satisfaction of the other staff working within each clinical area. And also to look more into cost effectiveness. Article 2 Macmillian nursing was first introduced to the UK in 1975, and today there are over 2000 Macmillan nurses. The role of the Macmillan nurse is a specialist palliative care nursing role that involves expert clinical skills, consultation, education, teaching and leadership (Corner et al, 2002). In 2007 Ryan -Woolley, McHugh, G. and Lucker, K. conducted a study in Manchester, looking at Macmillan nurses view on nurse prescribing in cancer and palliative care medicine. It looked at the perceived motivators of why specialist nurses felt nurse prescribing would benefit them and their patient groups, and also explored the potential barriers to training for the implementation of this extended role. A national postal survey was sent out to 2225 Macmillan nurses throughout the UK, 70% response rate was achieved (1575), 11% of Macmillan nurses who responded were already trained as extended formulary independent nurse prescribers. Half of the nurses (88 of 168) were able to prescribe from the extended drug formulary. The mean age was 43.9 years (SD 7.3), with a range 26-63 years. The majority of the nurses that responded were either working as palliative care clinical nurse specialists (CNS) (772, 49.0%) or tumour site specific CNS (413, 26.2%). Others were either working as different types of CNS in the community (83, 5.3%), oncology (61, 3.9%) and chemotherapy (19, 1.2%) or as a lead cancer nurse (45, 2.9%) (Ryan-Woolley et al, 2007). Extended formulary independent nurse prescribing (EFINP) was initiated in the UK in 2002, to allow patients to get improved access to medicines and also  make the best use of nurses clinical skills and experience. This differs from independent nurse prescribing, as independent nurse prescribers may need to assess and diagnose and treat patients (Ryan-Wooley et al, 2007). 21% or nurses who completed his survey had completed the EFINP course., some had completed other relevant courses that enabled them to be independent prescribers, and 2% were in the process of completing the EFINP course (Ryan-Wooley et al, 2007). In the surveys the overall agreement was that nurse prescribing improved patients care by enabling them to receive their medication in a timely fashion. One quarter of the prescribers felt there were issues around training, and that the medical mentoring was not adequate. Some felt that the training provided was not specific enough for cancer and palliative care nursing. Out of 88 of the nurses who were already prescribing, 44 were community based, 28 were hospital based, and the other 15 were based in both the hospital and community. The majority of the nurses had been prescribing regularly throughout the past month. The qualifications of Macmillan nurses were mixed with around half having a first degree (57%) but only a minority (244 of 1504, 16.2%) having a Masters degree. Some of the barriers for nurse prescribing that were identified in the survey were; Having a supportive organization and team Having medical support Clinical supervision/mentorship Multi-disciplinary team (MDT) support Appropriate guidelines Financial incentive Supported practice and training once practicing Access to GP computer systems (Ryan-Wooley et al, 2007). Article 3 In 2012 Steiner, K., Carey, N, Courtney, M., did a study on the profile and practice of nurses who prescribe pain medication throughout the United Kingdom (UK). They looked at the nurse backgrounds, experience, work setting and prescribing practice. 214 nurses throughout the UK that were on the Association for nurse prescribing (ANP) website were sent a questionnaire. All participants were qualified as nurse independent /supplementary prescribers (NIP/NSP). The questionnaire included fixed choice and open-ended questions. The questionnaire had four sections; Section 1 covered demographic information (age, job title, area of practice, geographical area, type of services provided, how many nurse prescribers the service had, and what future provisions they had in place for nurse prescribers within that clinical area. Section 2 looked at prescribing qualifications, levels of experience and the area they practiced in. Section 3 focused on nurse prescribing within pain management, including the type of medications prescribed and the number of pain medications that would be prescribed during a typical week. Section 4 asked the nurses about the level of training they had received to become a nurse prescriber, and if they were satisfied with the training program that they had undergone, and if they had any unfulfilled training needs. It also asked them what there preferred training method was. Out of the 214 nurses that responded, 35% were in primary health care and nurse practitioners, 11.7% were pain or palliative care nurses and 10% in emergency care. The nurses worked across a variety of settings, both  primary, secondary and tertiary care. 43.1% prescribed pain medications up to 5 times per week, and 42.6% prescribed between 6-20 times per week, and remainder prescribed upto 50 times per week. The main category nurses prescribed medication for was patients in acute pain post surgery (40.6%), 12% prescribed for patients with cancer or advanced illness (palliative care), 12.1% prescribed for chronic pain. A further 33.6% prescribed for patients with a overlap of different pains. The main types of medication prescribed were as follows- Paracetamol and Non steroidal anti inflammatories (95.3%) Opioids (34.6%) Other medications to treat side effects, such as antiemetic’s, were also prescribed by the nurses. The nurses who worked within a pain service or palliative care service were significantly more likely to prescribe opiates than the other participates (p  The lack of training at an appropriate level (n=9) The lack of support for role development (n=1). The preferred learning methods of the nurses surveyed were: Elearning (74.3%) Journals (69.6%) Formal study days (62.6%) Prescribing forum (57.5%) Work-based learning 45.3%) (Stenner et al, 2012). Despite the relatively low sample size, this study clearly identifies that nurses working in a wide variety of settings throughout the UK are prescribing pain medications. It also identifies that nurses in pain specialist or palliative care roles are more likely to have post graduate education in pain management, and also more likely to prescribe strong opioids. Training and development issues were highlighted. DISCUSSION By 2051, it has been predicted that there will be over 1.14 million people aged 65 years and over in New Zealand (NZ statistics, 2000), by 2051 there is likely to be about half as many older people than children (NZ Stats, 2000). In the last decade, the number of people being diagnosed with cancer has increased by 24% (Ministry of health 2001). Therefore there will need to be sufficient palliative care services to meet the needs of an increasing number of people with cancer. Introducing more NP’s into specialist palliative care services would possible be a good way of managing the increased workload predicted. More NP’s in the community and residential care facilities may also take the strain off tertiary centre’s, by  preventing hospital admissions. To assist with the predicted increase having NP or CNS that can prescribe will help ease the burden. The Acute pain service nurse specialists at Auckland city hospital are currently in the process of applying for expanded practice roles, to allow nurses with the correct post graduated training (according to NZ nursing council framework) to prescribe a limited number of medications, working alongside a designated prescriber. In 2013 the NZ nursing council put together a consultation document for expanded/extended nurse prescribing, it stated â€Å"that the reason for this consultation is to improve patient care by enabling registered nurses to make prescribing decisions so patients receive more accessible, timely and convenient healthcare. The role of the Nursing Council is to ensure public safety in reaching that goal. The reasons for extending nurse prescribing are to: †¢ improve patient care without compromising patient safety; †¢ make it easier for patients to obtain the medicines they need; †¢ increase patient choice in accessing medicines; and †¢ make better use of the skills of health professionals† (NZ Nursing council, 2013). In order for nurses to obtain expanded practice roles, professional development and recognition programs (PDRPs) are being introduced, so nurses have a framework to work to (Kai Tiaki, 2009). As discussed in both articles 2 and 3 there are likely to be some implications to the introduction of this new role, such as financial/time restraints, lack of medical support, standardization of training and on going education needed to remain up to date on current practice (Ryan-Wooley at el, 2007, Stenner at el, 2012). However with the continued shortage of doctors and the continued increase for healthcare, especially within the older population, expanding the role of the nurse is a necessary initiative, which is likely to improve patient outcomes (World health organization, 2006). Introducing expanded nurse roles and designated prescribing into palliative care services within New Zealand, especially in primary and residential home settings, may be a good way of managing the predicted increased need for more palliative care services in the future, secondary to the rise in the older population and the number of people being diagnosed with cancer. As mentioned in the above articles it will provide patients with a more effective service that they can access easily, decrease the burden on doctors, provide a more cost effective service, and likely a more holistic approach to patients (Aigner, M et al, 2004). Also more nurses may be inclined to train for the role as the expectation and education required is less than what is required to be an NP. In relation to my role as a pain nurse specialist and caring for palliative patients with intrathecal catheters, I believe the implementation of expanded practice nursing with designated prescribing and or a Nurse Practitioner role would without a doubt improve patient outcomes. Pain is the most concerning aspect for patients (and their family) facing the end stages of their life, and currently cancer pain is under-treated in nearly 50% of patients (Joshi, M., Chambers, W., 2010). At diagnosis 20-50% of cancer patients present with pain and 70 % of patients with advanced disease will require large doses of strong opiates for pain management (Joshi, M., Chambers, W., 2010). These patients will often end up being admitted into hospital for pain management, and management of associated side effects, and the quality of there life is often very impaired due to the side effects of opiates (drowsiness, nausea, pruritis etc ). According to recent figures from Auckland hospital, the cost of an inpatient bed is over $4000 a day. When patients have intrathecal catheters inserted for their pain management, they require significantly less opiate, and therefore side effects are less. With good pain control and minimal side effects these patients can often  return to there homes and have a better quality of life, and not require recurrent hospital admissions for poor pain control, which therefore saves thousands of dollars to the health service. However due to the possible dangerous complications related to Intrathecal analgesia (infection, catheter migration, overdose) (Sjoberg, L., et al, 1991), specialized nursing management is required in the community (Myers et al, 2009). If there were more specialized Nurse practitioners or CNS with delegated prescribing rights, in the primary care setting, patients could be discharged from hospital sooner and medications titrated and symptoms treated within the patients home, without requiring a Doctor to make changes to prescriptions and therefore providing the patient with more effective and timely treatment. Aside from pain and symptom management, having the advanced knowledge and skills to provide the necessary psychosocial, emotional and spiritual support to both patients and their family is also very important in this patient group (O’Connor, M., Lee, S., Aranda, S., 2012). Often time listening and counseling these patients can be more important than the medications (Meier, D,.Beresford, L., 2006) CONCLUSION According to WHO, 56 million people die throughout the world each year, 60% of these people would benefit from palliative care. With the amount of older people in New Zealand predicted to increase so rapidly in the next 50 years, the need for more advanced practice nurses within this specialty is obvious. A comprehensive framework is required to allow nurses to have a sound professional development plan and providing good clinical support and continued opportunities for learning is necessary. Primary health care settings have been highlighted as an area were NP and CNS are in shortage and likely investment in training nurses with the necessary advanced skills to manage palliative patients in the community will be a cost effective investment in future years by keeping patients out of tertiary care, and likely improve patient and family satisfaction by providing a more holistic  approach to the end stages of life. REFERENCES Aigner, M., Drew, S., Phipps, J.,. (2004). A comparative study of nursing home resident outcomes between care provided by nurse practitioners/physicians versus physicians only. _JAMDA_, 16-23. ANA. (1995 ). _Advanced nursing practice_. Davies, B. H., A.,. (1995). Clarification of advanced nursing practice:characteristics and competence. _Clinical nurse specialist, 9_(3), 156-160. Joshi, M., Chambers, W., (2010) Pain relief in palliative care:a focus on interventional pain management, _Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 10,5,_ 747. Meier, D., Beresford, L., (2006) Advanced practice roles in Palliative care:a Pivotal role and perspective, _Journal of palliative care medicine, 9 (3),_ 624-627 Ministry of Health. (2001).The NZ _Palliative care strategy_. Myers, J., Chan, V., Jarvis, V., Walker-Dilks, C.,. (2010). Intraspinal techniques for pain management in cancer patients:a systematic review. _Support cancer care, 18_, 137-149. Nursing council of New Zealand. (2013). Nurse prescribing consultation document. O’Connor, M., Lee, S., Aranda, S. (2012) _Palliative care nursing-A guide to practice.,_ Ausmed publications, North Melbourne , Austrailia. World health organisation. (2002). _Palliative care plan_. Ryan-Wooley, M., G., Lucker, K. (2007). Prescribing by specialist nurses in cancer and palliative care:results of a national survey. _Palliative medicine, 21_, 273-277. Sjoberg, M., Appelgren, L., Einarsson, S., Hultman, E., Linder, L., Nitescu, P., Curelaru, I., (1991) _Long -term intrathcal morpine and bupivicaine in â€Å"refractory† cancer pain. I. Results from the first series of 52 patients, Acta Anaesthesiology Scand, 35_, 30-43 Statistics, N. Z. (2000). _Population ageing in NZ_. Stenner, K., . Carey, N., Courternay, M.,. (2012b). Prescribing for pain-how do nurses contribute? A national questionnaire survey. _Journal of clinical nursing, 21_, 3334-3345.